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2. 8.1 A World of States State Sovereignty
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
Sovereignty
A state having control over its internal affairs without interference from other states
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3. 8.1 A World of States MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
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4. 8.1 A World of States GROWTH IN UN MEMBERSHIP
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5. 8.1 A World of States KOSOVO: A SOVEREIGN STATE?
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6. 8.1 A World of States TAIWAN: A SOVEREIGN STATE?
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7. 8.2 Ancient States Ancient states Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia
City-state
A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
Egypt
Ancient Greece
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8. 8.2 Ancient States FERTILE CRESCENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 8.2 Ancient States ANCIENT ATHENS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8.2 Ancient States European States
Roman Empire: Controlled most of Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia from modern day Spain to Iran and from Egypt to England.
Collapsed in fifth century because of attacks and internal disputes.
European portion fragmented into estates.
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11. 8.2 Ancient States ANCIENT ROME © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 8.2 Ancient States ROMAN EMPIRE IN A.D. 100
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13. 8.2 Ancient States HADRIAN’S WALL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 8.2 Ancient States EUROPE IN 1300 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Self-determination
The right of ethnic groups to govern themselves within sovereign states
Nation state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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16. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Nation states in Europe
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation
Denmark: Example of a nation-state
Territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely cooresponds to the state.
Southern boundary with Germany does not divide German and Danish ethnic groups precisely.
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17. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
DENMARK
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18. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Nation states in Europe
Germany
Boundaries altered twice after WWI and WWII.
Collapse of Communism in Europe,
German Democratic Republic - German Federal Republic.
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19. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
NATION-STATES IN EUROPE
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20. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Contain two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
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21. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
STATES IN THE FORMER U.S.S.R.
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22. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Three Baltic states
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
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23. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R
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24. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Three European states
Belarus
Moldova
Ukraine
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25. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R
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26. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Five Central Asian states
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
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27. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R
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28. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Three Caucasus states
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
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29. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R
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30. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States
Russia is now the world’s largest multinational state.
ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R
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31. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
Korea: one state or two?
Divided into two occupation zones after defeat of Japan in WWII.
Two Korean Governments
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)
Republic of Korea ( South Korea)
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32. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA
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33. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
Considered a sovereign state
Morocco claims the territory
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34. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
WESTERN SAHARA
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35. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
Polar regions: many claims
Antarctica—only large land mass on Earth that’s not a state.
Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom have made overlapping claims.
U.S. and Russia do not recognize the claims of any country to Antarctica.
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Permits countries to make claims in the Arctic until
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36. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
NATIONAL CLAIMS TO ANTARCTICA
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37. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
NATIONAL CLAIMS TO THE ARCTIC
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38. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
The Law of the Sea: Signed by 158 countries
Disputes taken to a Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or International Court of Justice
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39. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States
LAW OF THE SEA
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40. 8.5 Colonies
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
European colonies
Colonialism
The effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
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41. 8.5 Colonies European colonies: motives Promotion of Christianity
Resource extraction
Establishment of political power
“God, glory, and gold”
UK and France largest colonizers
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42. 8.5 Colonies COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 1914 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. 8.5 Colonies COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. 8.5 Colonies Remaining colonies
68 places globally (U.S. State Department)
Entities not included as colonies by entities other than the State Department
Greenland
Hong Kong
Macao
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45. 8.5 Colonies COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. 8.5 Colonies Remaining colonies
Entities considered as colonies by other entities but not by the State Department
Lord Howe Island (Australia)
Ascension Island (Great Britain)
Easter Island (Chile)
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47. 8.5 Colonies COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. 8.6 Shapes of States Elongated states: potential isolation
States that have long narrow shapes
Malawi
Gambia
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49. 8.6 Shapes of States GAMBIA: AN ELONGATED STATE
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50. 8.6 Shapes of States Fragmented states: problematic
States that include several discontinuous pieces of territory
Tanzania
Angola
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51. 8.6 Shapes of States ANGOLA: A FRAGMENTED STATE
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52. 8.6 Shapes of States Prorupted states: access or disruption
States with large projecting extensions
Created because:
Access to resources
Congo
To separate two states
Namibia
Caprivi Strip
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53. 8.6 Shapes of States CONGO AND NAMIBIA: PRORUPTED STATES
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54. 8.6 Shapes of States Compact states: efficient
Distance from center to boundary in any direction does not vary by much
Burundi
Rwanda
Uganda
Kenya
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55. 8.6 Shapes of States SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: SEVERAL COMPACT STATES
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56. 8.6 Shapes of States Landlocked states No direct outlet to the sea
Lesotho
Zambia
Botswana
Zimbabwe
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57. 8.6 Shapes of States SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: SEVERAL LANDLOCKED STATES
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58. 8.6 Shapes of States Perforated states: completely surrounded
A state that completely surrounds another state
South Africa and Lesotho
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59. 8.6 Shapes of States SOUTH AFRICA: A PERFORATED STATE
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60. 8.7 Boundaries
Boundary
An invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory
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61. 8.7 Boundaries Physical boundaries Desert boundaries
Mountain boundaries
Water boundaries
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62. 8.7 Boundaries PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. 8.7 Boundaries Cultural boundaries Geometric boundaries
Ethnic boundaries
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64. 8.7 Boundaries GEOMETRIC BOUNDARY: UNITED STATES AND CANADA
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65. 8.7 Boundaries Cultural boundaries Ethnic boundaries
Geometric boundaries
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66. 8.7 Boundaries ETHNIC BOUNDARY: GREEK AND TURKISH CYPRUS
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67. 8.7 Boundaries
Frontiers
A zone where no state exercises complete political control
Historically, frontiers separated states.
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68. 8.7 Boundaries FRONTIERS: ARABIAN PENINSULA
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69. 8.8 Governing States National government Local government Autocracy
A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
Anocracy
A country that is not fully democratic nor fully autocratic
Displays a mix of the two types of government
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70. 8.8 Governing States National government regimes Democratic Autocratic
Anocratic
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71. 8.8 Governing States REGIME TYPE, 2010 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. 8.8 Governing States DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND AUTOCRACY
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73. 8.8 Governing States Trend towards democracy DEMOCRACY TREND
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74. 8.8 Governing States Local government: unitary state Unitary state
Allocates most power to the federal government
Local governments have relatively little power
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75. 8.8 Governing States UNITARY STATE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. 8.8 Governing States Local government: federal state Federal state
Strong powers are allocated to units of local government
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77. 8.9 Electoral Geography Gerrymandering
Redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
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78. 8.9 Electoral Geography THE ORIGINAL GERRYMANDER CARTOON
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79. 8.9 Electoral Geography “Wasted vote” gerrymandering
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80. 8.9 Electoral Geography “Excess vote” gerrymandering
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81. 8.9 Electoral Geography “Stacked vote” gerrymandering
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82. 8.9 Electoral Geography NO GERRYMANDERING: IOWA
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83. 8.9 Electoral Geography GERRYMANDERING NEVADA: TWO PROPOSALS
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84. 8.10 Cooperation Among States
Military alliances
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Warsaw Pact
Economic cooperation
European Union
COMECON
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85. 8.10 Cooperation Among States
Superpowers
Balance of power
A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing forces
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86. 8.10 Cooperation Among States
COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
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87. 8.10 Cooperation Among States
U. S. MILITARY VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT LINED
UP ON THE TAXIWAY AT CAMP SPEICHER , IRAQ
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88. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
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89. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 ATTACKS
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90. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
Terrorism Against Americans
Theodore J. Kaczynski
Timothy McVeigh
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91. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
TERRORISM AGAINST AMERICANS
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92. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
Al-Qaeda
Arabic for “the foundation” or “the base”
AL-QAEDA ATTACKS
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93. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
AL-QAEDA TERRORISM, LONDON
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94. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
State-sponsored sanctuary for terrorists
Afghanistan and Pakistan
Taliban
Arabic for “students of Muslim schools”
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95. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
SANCTUARY FOR TERRORISTS : BIN LADEN’S COMPOUND
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96. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
Providing supplies to terrorists
Iran: The U.S. has accused Iran of developing nuclear weapons.
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97. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
IRAN
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98. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
Providing supplies to terrorists
Iraq: The U.S. lead an attack against Iraq in 2003, in order to depose Saddam Hussein.
1991 Operation Desert Storm
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99. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
IRAQ
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100. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
State-sponsored terrorist attacks
Libya: Muammar el-Qaddafi brutally attacked Libyan protestors.
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101. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism
LIBYA
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102. Chapter Review Key Questions What is a state?
How are states organized?
How do states interact with each other?
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