1. Meninges, Spinal Cord, and Brain
The Nervous System
Meninges, Spinal Cord, and Brain

2. The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer
Arachnoid mater  -  no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web)
Between the arachnoid and pia maters is a subarachnooid space containing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

3. The Meninges
Dura mater is being
peeled away in this photo.

4. Subdural Hematoma

6. Spinal Cord
passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments (each with a pair of spinal nerves)
Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck) Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back)
FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

7. Brain
Major portions –
Cerebrum – wrinkly, largest area of the human body, coordinates voluntary muscle movement, higher mental function
Cerebellum – balance and coordination
Brain Stem – regulates visceral functions, autonomic nervous system

9. Brain Stem Pons – relay sensory information
Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements
Medulla Oblongata – heart, respiration, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion

10. Diencephalon 2 parts: Thalamus – relay station
Hypothalamus – controls hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger

11. Pituitary Gland The “master gland” of the endocrine system.
Controls hormones.

12. Hippocampus
Controls Memory

13. The Vertebrate Brain Cerebrum controls muscle contraction
center for learning: emotion, memory, and perception
left and right side separated by the ....
Corpus Callosum 
 connects the two hemispheres, thick band of axons which enable communication between the hemispheres

16. Convolutions of the brain
the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum
Fissures = deep groove
Sulcus = shallow groove

18. The Vertebrate Brain The Cerebellum
Coordinates movement and balance and helps in learning and remembering motor skills.
Hand-eye coordination.
Receives sensory
information about joint
positions, muscle
length, and from the
auditory and visual systems.

19. Lobes of the brain Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language
Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory)
Temporal Lobe – hearing
Occipital – vision

20. Functional Regions Motor Areas Sensory Areas Association
controls voluntary movements
the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body
Sensory Areas
involved in feelings and sensations (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)
Association
higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

21. The Vertebrate Brain Emotions:
Depend on the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus.
The Limbic System.
Amygdala – important role in storage of emotional memory.

22. Limbic System
EMOTION
also includes olfactory lobes - memory, emotion, and smell are linked. 
Crayolas are created today with the same scent because it reminds people of their happy times in childhood.  
Why is the brain formed so that smell and emotions are tied together? Because pheromones are tied to emotions and behavior, so they need the link.

23. The Brain’s ability to prune?
Birth = 5 hundred billion neurons
During childhood, nerve cells prune themselves out.
By adolescence, our brain has chosen the neurons (20% of what we receive at birth) it will keep throughout our adult life. The neurons kept are based on which cells are used during our childhood.
Nerve cells that we use add dendrites for the brain to receive and process new information.

24. The Anatomy of the Brain!
The Prefrontal Cortex
The Limbic System
The Hypothalamus

25. The adolescent brain verses the adult brain?
Prefrontal cortex region of the brain:
Intellectual frontal cortex, the part of the brain which assigns priority to the messages
Arbitrator in making critical decision
Sizes up a situation, makes a determination, and then drives our behavior
ex. When should we act on our anger or curtail it?
Or immediate gratification or hold off for the long term?

26. The adolescent brain verses the adult brain?
Limbic region of the Brain
sends messages to the frontal cortex
supports your emotion
sometimes bypasses frontal cortex
ex. “fight or flight” responses

27. The adolescent brain verses the adult brain.
It may take a brain 20 years before it fully develops with the prefrontal cortex developing last!

28. The adolescent brain verses the adult brain?
“The immature region responsible for the logic of long-term benefits does not always override the impulsive, survival-oriented hypothalamus.” (Nunley, 1999).
The two systems (pre-frontal cortex and limbic system) work together to keep thought and emotion in equilibrium.

29. The Story Phineas Gage 1848: Railroad Worker
Intelligent, well balanced, modest, and reliable. In charge because of his ability to make logical well informed decisions.

30. The Story of Phineas Gage
The limbic system, the prefrontal cortex and the connection between the two was damaged.
This completely changed his behavior and character.
He never regained his emotional and intellectual balance.
His ability to communicate with other humans decreased.