1. Intellectual and cultural movements

2. education Public Schools Elementary- 3 Rs, traditional values
McGuffey’s readers
Compulsory Ed. Laws  increase in literacy
Tax-supported public high schools
Vocational + citizen education
Higher Ed
Land-grant colleges (Morrill acts, ‘62, ‘90)
Universities founded by philanthropists (U of Chicago- JDR)
Colleges for women (Smith, Bryn Mawr)
71% admit women by 1900
New college curriculum- electives introduced, sciences
Johns Hopkins, graduate studies- research, free inquiry
Social activities, sports, fraternities

3. Social Sciences
Study of human society change w/ application of scientific method, evolution being applied to human affairs
 psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science
Study process of human behavior, not just logical abstractions
Richard T. Ely (JHU)- attack l-f economics, study unions, trusts to understand & remedy them
Lester Ward- evolutionary theory in society
Woodrow Wilson- PoliSci
Frederick Jackson Turner- History
W.E.B. DuBois- crime in urban neighborhoods using statistics
Harvard, equality for blacks, integrated schools, equal access for “talented tenth”

6. The Professions
Doctors, educators, social workers, lawyers
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Law should evolve w/ times
Respond to needs
Not remain restricted by legal precedent, judicial decisions of past
Clarence Darrow
Criminal behavior influenced by environments of poverty, neglect, abuse
 boost to progressive legislation, liberal reform in 20th c.

7. Literature and the arts

8. Realism & naturalism Post-CW years works = romantic novels,
ideal heroes
Regional writers BREAK tradition
Bret Harte- mining camps of west
Mark Twain- greed, violence, racism
Younger writers of 1890s focus on naturalism- emotions, experience shaping human lives
Maggie: Girl of the Streets (‘93)- Stephen Crane, brutal urban environment destroying young lives
Red Badge of Courage- fear, human nature in CW
The Call of the Wild (‘03)- Jack London, conflict b/t nature, civilization
Sister Carrie (‘00)- Theodore Dreiser, poor working girl in Chicago

9. painting Winslow Homer Seascapes, watercolors, nature Thomas Eakins
Surgical scenes, everyday lives of working-class
Serial-action photographs used to study human anatomy, paint realistically
Mary Cassatt
Impressionism, pastel colors
Ashcan School
Social realists- scenes of everyday life, poor, urban neighborhoods
George Bellows

11. architecture 1870s- Henry Hobson Richardson
Base designs on medieval Romanesque style- stone walls, rounded arches
Louis Sullivan
Form follows function
Skyscrapers, Chicago
FLW
“organic,” harmony w/ natural surroundings
Frederick Law Olmstead
LANDSCAPE ARCH.
Daniel Burnham
Retain influence of Greek/Roman architecture

14. music By 1900- cities have orchestras, opera
Small towns- outdoor bandstands
John Philip Sousa, popular marches
New Orleans- innovation of jazz, blues, ragtime
Jelly Roll Morton, Buddy Bolden
African rhythms, Euro instruments, improvisation

15. Pop culture Popular Press Mass-circulation newspapers
Pulitzer, New York World
Crimes, disasters, corruption
Hearst- scandal & sensationalism
Mass-circulation magazines
Advertising, new printing tech.
Ladies’ Home Journal (10 C/copy)

16. Amusements
Why leisure time?
Reduction in working hours
Improved transportation
Promotions/advertising
Decline of Victorian/Puritan values
Most popular recreation = drinking, saloon
Theaters, vaudeville, circus, Wild West show, parks, “green spaces”
Spectator sports
Boxing, baseball, football, basketball, golf, tennis