1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic compounds are synthesized by cells and contain Carbon – made of carbon skeleton.
BUILDING macromolecules (AKA.organic compounds):
Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers.
These polymers are composed of monomer subunits.

2. REACTIONS
Condensation (dehydration synthesis) – monomers are connected to produce polymers; releases H2O during the reaction (building up)
Hydrolysis – polymers are broken down into their monomers; H2O is needed for the reaction to occur (breaking down)
ENZYMES assist in both reactions!

3. 4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

4. 1. CARBOHYDRATES consist of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
FUNCTION – Main source of energy – breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy to cells; excess is stored as complex sugars in cells

5. 1. CARBOHYDRATES 3 types of carbohydrates

6. 4. PROTEINS consist of C, H, O, N, S
polymers made of amino acids (monomer)
Peptide bond forms between amino acids

7. 4. PROTEINS Functions:
Structural element of hair/nails (keratin) & bone/cartilage (collagen)
Increase rate of reaction as an enzyme (biological catalyst)
Transport and storage of molecules
Control of metabolism
Receptor proteins - signaling from cell to cell
Tissue defense (antibodies)

8. 2. LIPIDS
consist of C, H, O
waxes, oils, fats, steroids (cholesterol & sex hormones)
hydrophobic – insoluble in water
FUNCTIONS:
Energy Storage – breakdown of lipids provides long-term energy supply; excess is stored in fat cells; yields twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Component of cell membrane (phospholipids)
provides cushions, insulates and waterproofing (wax)

9. 2. LIPIDS
A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol & fatty acids. (monomer)
Fatty acid chains can be saturated (solid at room temp) or unsaturated (liquid at room temp).

10. 3. NUCLEIC ACIDS consist of C, H, O, N, P
polymer of nucleotides (monomer)
stores and transmits genetic information
Two types of nucleic acids –
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double strand of genetic information
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins

11. Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein
They speed up a chemical reaction (serve as a catalyst) by lowering the activation rate
Almost all metabolic reactions are helped along by enzymes
Enzymes function at a specific temperature, pH, and concentration (amount of enzyme)
Ex: pepsin enzyme in the stomach works at a pH of 2

12. Enzymes, Cont. Enzyme names usually end in –ase
Ex: Lipase (breaks down fats)
Catalase (break down hydrogen peroxide in tissues)
Amylase (break down starch, saliva is an amylase)