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Published byΠρίσκα Κομνηνός Modified over 6 years ago
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic compounds are synthesized by cells and contain Carbon – made of carbon skeleton. BUILDING macromolecules (AKA.organic compounds): Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers. These polymers are composed of monomer subunits.
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REACTIONS Condensation (dehydration synthesis) – monomers are connected to produce polymers; releases H2O during the reaction (building up) Hydrolysis – polymers are broken down into their monomers; H2O is needed for the reaction to occur (breaking down) ENZYMES assist in both reactions!
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4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
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1. CARBOHYDRATES consist of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
FUNCTION – Main source of energy – breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy to cells; excess is stored as complex sugars in cells
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1. CARBOHYDRATES 3 types of carbohydrates
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4. PROTEINS consist of C, H, O, N, S
polymers made of amino acids (monomer) Peptide bond forms between amino acids
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4. PROTEINS Functions: Structural element of hair/nails (keratin) & bone/cartilage (collagen) Increase rate of reaction as an enzyme (biological catalyst) Transport and storage of molecules Control of metabolism Receptor proteins - signaling from cell to cell Tissue defense (antibodies)
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2. LIPIDS consist of C, H, O waxes, oils, fats, steroids (cholesterol & sex hormones) hydrophobic – insoluble in water FUNCTIONS: Energy Storage – breakdown of lipids provides long-term energy supply; excess is stored in fat cells; yields twice as much energy as carbohydrates Component of cell membrane (phospholipids) provides cushions, insulates and waterproofing (wax)
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2. LIPIDS A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol & fatty acids. (monomer) Fatty acid chains can be saturated (solid at room temp) or unsaturated (liquid at room temp).
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3. NUCLEIC ACIDS consist of C, H, O, N, P
polymer of nucleotides (monomer) stores and transmits genetic information Two types of nucleic acids – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double strand of genetic information RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins
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Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein
They speed up a chemical reaction (serve as a catalyst) by lowering the activation rate Almost all metabolic reactions are helped along by enzymes Enzymes function at a specific temperature, pH, and concentration (amount of enzyme) Ex: pepsin enzyme in the stomach works at a pH of 2
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Enzymes, Cont. Enzyme names usually end in –ase
Ex: Lipase (breaks down fats) Catalase (break down hydrogen peroxide in tissues) Amylase (break down starch, saliva is an amylase)
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