1. Welcome to 8th Grade Physical Science

2. BELLWORK Use ONE of the index cards provided.
Fold it lengthwise or “hot dog” style
Write your name on it and decorate it however you choose!

3. ABOUT THE CLASSROOM
8th Grade Physical Science.
In this PowerPoint we will go over classroom rules and procedures.
We are going to have a lot of fun this year as long as we follow the rules, concentrate on learning, and respect our environment!

4. Classroom Rules… R-E-S-P-E-C-T!
Respect YOURSELF.
Respect YOUR CLASSMATES.
Respect YOUR MATERIALS.
Respect YOUR TEACHER.

5. Before doing anything T-H-I-N-K!
T- Is this true? H- Is this helpful? I- Is this important? N- Is this necessary? K- Is this kind?

6. Classroom Procedures Enter the room quietly
Place your materials at your seat
Unpack your homework and put it in the correct bin within 10 minutes of class starting
Be sure your name is on every assignment you turn in
If your work is later than 10 minutes 10% will be deducted from the total you would have received, every day late it is 10% more will be deducted from the grade you would have received.
Example: If your work is 2 days late and you would have received 100% you will now receive an 80%
Begin bellwork assignment

7. Who can order the sequence of pictures correctly!?!

8. Nature of Science Puzzle
Construct the pieces given individually or with a partner to make them fit.
Think about how this correlates to the nature of science!
Hypothesis: How these puzzles fit together
What is your data?
Added information.
Rethinking your hypothesis.
SCIENCE!

9. How does this activity relate to the nature of science?
Formulate a 1-2 sentence statement outlining what science is on the index cards provided.

10. BELLWORK Go over Safety Contracts Write down any questions you have.
Complete Learning Style Questionnaire and turn it in.

11. Yesterday we collected data…
What did we do with the data (puzzle pieces) collected?
What do scientists do with data that they collect?

12. Data Analysis Mathematically: Mean, median, mode.
Bar graph, line graph, pie charts

13. A note on math and labels…
Mean: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers. Just add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. Median: place the numbers you are given in value order and find the middle number Mode: The number which appears most often in a set of numbers GRAPHS X-axis: independent variable (variable that is deliberately changed in order to test it) Y-axis: dependent variable (usually a measured change or visually observed change)

14. Partner Activity Pair up. Collect data about your partner.
Physical attributes, metric measurements, etc.
Then meet up with one other group.
Combine and analyze the data.
I want to see one mathematical summary (mean, median, mode) and one graphical summary (bar graph, pie chart, line graph) with correct labelling.

15. So, scientists collect data and then analyze that data in various ways to form…?
Please turn in your mathematical and graphical summaries in the respective homework folders for a homework grade.

16. BELLWORK
Based on our two lessons and prior knowledge, jot down what you believe to be the steps of the scientific method.

17. What is the scientific method?
a series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve a problem
Here we identify the steps of the scientific method by IGHEAD:
I: IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM(Ask questions and make observations)
G: GATHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION
H: HYPOTHESIS
E: EXPERIMENT
A: ANALYZE DATA
D: DRAW CONCLUSION

18. Observations any use of the senses to gather information Two types:
Qualitative: No numbers.
Example: The litmus paper turned blue when a drop of the solution was added to it.
Quantitative: Numbers, measurements, etc.
The toy car travelled 15cm.

19. Identify the Problem
Questions help you narrow and focus investigation and identify what you are trying to find out.
There are 3 ways to ask a question:
What factors cause… the sky to be blue.
What is the relationship between…Pepsi carbonation levels and Coke carbonation levels?
What is the effect of… cigarette smoke in the progression of lung cancer?

20. Gather background information
RESEARCH!
See what other people already know.
This will help you make the best possible hypothesis!

21. Hypothesis
possible explanation or answer to a question; MUST BE TESTABLE
Formulate your hypothesis using the IF, THEN… BECAUSE model
The “IF” part is what you are doing
The “THEN” part is what will happen
The “because” explains why
Ex: “If study time is increased by 10 minutes every night, then grades will improve because there is more practice”
*A note on honesty: Sometimes it is tempting to skew your data to help it match your hypothesis. Please never do this. You will never be counted wrong for having a hypothesis that is not supported; however, you will have HEAVY deductions if I believe you falsified your data to match your hypothesis.*

22. Experimenting
To test a hypothesis is to conduct a controlled experiment.
There are three types of variables in an experiment. Do not worry we will get plenty of work with identifying them!
- Independent/Manipulated Variable (IV):
variable that is deliberately changed in order to test it (in most lab situations, you are changing this variable on purpose)
-Dependent/Responding Variable (DV):
changes as a result of the independent variable: usually a measured change or visually observed change
-Control Variable (CV):
A variable that is NOT changed. It is kept the same throughout and is often the most NORMAL situation. You compare the DV results to the CV results.

23. Analysis
In order to understand data collected it must be analyze to determine if it supports the hypothesis.
Analysis can be done graphically (bar charts, histograms, scatter plots), through tables, mathematical calculations, qualitative data, etc.
Some mathematical ways to analyze data include finding the mean, mode, and median of a data set.

24. Analysis Cont’d
We have to be able to convert numbers from integers to decimals to percentages to fractions.
We must also be able to preform metric conversions
(e.g. meters to centimeters)
CONVERSION:
King Henry Doesn’t Usually Drink Chocolate Milk:
(Kilo [1000], Hecto [100], Deca [10], basic Units (m,L,g), Deci [0.1], Centi [0.01], Milli [0.001])
Ex kg = ______________ g
*We will revisit basic units and how to measure matter including grams, liters, grams, etc. in the next unit.*

25. Conclusion Three types of conclusions
Supports the hypothesis
Does not support the hypothesis
Need more information
Regardless of the out come you must explain

26. Communicate Results Writing them up in a science journal
Submitting them to a respected online magazine
NEVER by word of mouth (telling people)

27. Activity
Working individually come up with 3 good, scientific questions which you are curious about.
Formulate a hypothesis for one of these questions.
Come up with an experiment (procedure, materials required) to test this hypothesis.

28. Example Questions: WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF lack of sleep on the brain?
WHAT FACTORS CAUSE an increased risk for obesity?
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN distracted driving and accidents?
Hypothesis: IF you are driving distracted, THEN you will be in accidents more frequently BECAUSE less attention is being paid to the road/ drivers around you.
Experiment: Survey 50 people with varying levels of admitted distracted driving and then observe their accident records. Look for correlation.

29. Homework: Complete experiment design.

30. BELL WORK
Write down what you think are the steps to the Scientific Method based on yesterday’s lecture and activity.

31. How has your opinion changed since yesterday?

32. Skittles Activity
Formulate a hypothesis around the question: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT COLORS IN A PACK OF SKITTLES?
Open pack.
Collect qualitative and quantitative data.
Analyze data. (Use BOTH mathematical summaries and graphical summaries)
Draw a conclusion.
Pick a partner and discuss your findings.

33. How did we follow the scientific method?

34. Reminder: Lab Safety Contract QUIZ Friday
It is based on the Lab Safety Contract!

35. Last minute lab safety quiz questions! GO! Take the lab safety quiz.
BELL WORK
Last minute lab safety quiz questions! GO!
Take the lab safety quiz.

36. Steps of the Scientific Method!
Yes, this again.

37. Hypothesis
Gather your hypothesis from yesterday’s Skittle activity and also the hypothesis you formulated on Wednesday when you were designing your own experiment!
You should have two hypotheses in front of you!
Now let’s talk about how to create a hypothesis!

38. Before we can get to hypotheses, let’s talk variables…
Variable: something that can change in an experiment. Most commonly known as the factor/thing being tested in the experiment.
Independent variable?
Dependent variable?
Control variable?

39. EXAMPLE
The time it takes to run a kilometer depends on the amount of exercise a person gets. Variables?

40. EXAMPLE
The higher the temperature of water, the faster an egg will cook.
Variables?

41. EXAMPLE The more you water the grass, the taller it will grow.
Variables?
Independent Variable?
Dependent Variable?

42. EXAMPLE
More bushels of potatoes will be produced if the soil is fertilized more.
Variables?
Independent Variable?
Dependent Variable?

43. Control Variable Revisited
Control Variable (CV):
A variable that is NOT changed. It is kept the same throughout and is often the most NORMAL situation. You compare the DV results to the CV results.
Look for words like “same” and “constant” for the control variables.
Example:
Students of different ages are given the same puzzle to assemble. The puzzle assembly time is measured.
Independent variable?
Dependent variable?
Control variable?

44. Tables and Variables Tables:
When creating data tables and graphs, the placement of the IV and DV is important.
Title: Time to assemble a puzzle based on age
Independent variable: columns
Dependent variable: rows
Independent variable (Age) 5 10 20
Dependent Variable (time to assemble) 1

45. Graphs and Variables
Students of different ages are given the same puzzle to assemble. The puzzle assembly time is measured.
Independent variable goes on the x-axis.
Dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
Let’s make the graph together!!!

46. Hypothesis
possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.
Based on observations
Must be TESTABLE!

47. How to write a hypothesis!
If the independent variable changes then the dependent variable changes .
Always write your hypothesis in the third person (no I or you statements).
Now, let’s go back through all the examples and see if we can come up with correctly formulated hypotheses as a class!

48. Now Practice!!!
Identify the variables in your two previous hypotheses and write a correctly formulated hypothesis!
If you finish with that try this:
Write a hypothesis based on this question:
What is the relationship between free seating at lunch and the cleanliness of the tables?

49. BELL WORK
What is matter?

50. Matter
Matter: physical substance in general that which occupies space and possess mass.
YOU occupy space!
YOU possess mass!
YOU MATTER!

51. Types of Measurements Length Volume Mass Weight Time Temperature
Density

52. Length Definition: The distance from one point to another point.
Base unit:
meter (m)
Measuring tool:
metric ruler

53. Volume Definition: The amount of space a substance occupies.
Base unit:
liter (L).
Measuring tools:
Regular solids: metric ruler
Liquids: graduated cylinder

54. Mass
Definition: The amount of matter in a substance. Base unit: gram (g) Measuring tool: Balance

55. Weight Definition: A measure of gravitational force on an object.
Unit:
newton (N).
Measuring tool:
scale

56. Time Definition: How long an event takes to occur. Unit: second (s
Measuring tool:
clock (stopwatch)

57. Temperature Definition: The amount of kinetic energy a substance has.
SI unit: Kelvin (K)
Measuring tool:
Thermometer

58. Density Definition: How compacted the matter is in a substance.
Units: g/mL, g/cm3, kg/m3.
*Density is a derived unit (it is made up of other types of measurement).*
Equation: D = m / v
*Objects float if their density is less than the density of the fluid they are in.*

59. Complete Matter Hand Out either individually or with a partner.
Whatever you do not finish in class will be your homework.

60. Come up with a scientific question that you would like answered!
BELL WORK
Come up with a scientific question that you would like answered!

61. YOU will be creating a scientific investigation START to FINISH today!
You have already come up with the question.
Use your handout to guide you through the rest of the steps of the Scientific Method!
Identify your variables
Formulate a hypothesis
Come up with an experiment to test this hypothesis
Write down the materials you will need
Write down the procedure
Write down the data you will collect (quantitative or qualitative) and how you will summarize it!