1. Low Back Pain Medical Clinics
Anna L. Golob, MD, Joyce E. Wipf, MD 
Medical Clinics 
Volume 98, Issue 3, Pages (May 2014)
DOI: /j.mcna
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2. Fig. 1
Anatomy of the lumbar spine. (A) Cross-sectional view through a lumbar vertebra. (B) Lateral view of the lumbar spine.
(From Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders; p. 666; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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3. Fig. 2
Spondylosis and scoliosis of the lumbar spine. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine showing mild levoconvex scoliosis with apex L2/3, multilevel disc space narrowing, endplate spurring, and lumbar facet arthropathy.
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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4. Fig. 3
Schematic drawing showing posterolateral disc herniation resulting in nerve root impingement.
(From Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders; p. 670; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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5. Fig. 4
Disc bulge. (A) T1-weighted sagittal and (B) T2-weighted axial MRI showing diffuse disc bulges at levels L3-4 and L4-5 (thin arrows) and posterior central disc extrusion at L5-S1 (thick arrow) resulting in narrowing of the left lateral recess that contacts the traversing left S1 nerve root.
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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6. Fig. 5
Degenerative spinal stenosis. (A) T1-weighted sagittal and (B) T2-weighted axial MRI showing severe dural compression at L2-3 (arrow) secondary to severe facet and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and circumferential disc bulge with caudal extension of the central disc extrusion. Severe dural compression at L3-4 and moderate dural compression at L4-5.
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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7. Fig. 6
(A) Spondylolysis with bilateral defects in the pars interarticularis (arrows). (B) Spondylolysis of the L5 vertebra (arrow) resulting in isthmic spondylolisthesis at L5-S1.
(From Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders; p. 672; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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8. Fig. 7
Spondylolisthesis. T1-weighted sagittal MRI showing grade 1 anterolisthesis of L4 on L5, likely degenerative.
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9. Fig. 8 Straight leg raising test.
(From Levin KH, Covington EC, Devereaux MW, et al. Neck and back pain. Continuum: Lifelong Learning Neurol 2001;7:20; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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10. Fig. 9 Neurologic features of lumbosacral radiculopathy.
(From Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. Philadelphia: Saunders; p. 668; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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11. Fig. 10
Algorithm for the evaluation of low back pain. CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
(Adapted from Wipf JE, Deyo RA. Low back pain. Common medical problems in ambulatory care. Med Clin North Am 1995;79:239; with permission.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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12. Fig. 11 Keele STarT back screening tool. Keele STarT back tool.
(Courtesy of Keel University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK; with permission. The copyright (©2007) of the STarT Back Tool and associated materials is owned by Keele University, the development of which was part funded by Arthritis Research UK: i) the tool is designed for use by health care practitioners, with appropriate treatment packages for each of the stratified groups;ii) the tool is not intended to recommend the use of any particular product. No license is required for non-commercial use. If you would like to incorporate the tool in any way into commercial product materials, please contact Keele University for further advice.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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13. Fig. 12
Scoring the Keele STarT back screening tool. “Psych score” refers to score on questions 5 to 9.
(Courtesy of Keel University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK; with permission. The copyright (2007) of the STarT Back Tool and associated materials is owned by Keele University, the development of which was part funded by Arthritis Research UK: i) the tool is designed for use by health care practitioners, with appropriate treatment packages for each of the stratified groups; ii) the tool is not intended to recommend the use of any particular product. No license is required for non-commercial use. If you would like to incorporate the tool in any way into commercial product materials, please contact Keele University for further advice.)
Medical Clinics  , DOI: ( /j.mcna )
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