1. Campaigns and Elections

2. Candidates
“self-starters” vs. recruited by parties
Motivation
Profile

4. Changing campaign styles
More personalized
Less reliant on organization
More expensive
More professionals, less volunteers

5. “Stump Speaking” by George Caleb Bingham – c. 1830s

6. Warren Harding’s Front Porch Campaign – Mass Media Election, 1920

7. Harry Truman’s Whistle Stop Campaign, 1948

8. Television Campaign Ads
Are the biggest part of spending in modern campaigns.
They can be designed to promote a candidate in a number of ways:
Present a biography – Introduce the candidate
Claim accomplishments/record
Compare to other candidates
Respond to other ads
An example:
Ronald Reagan’s “Morning in America” (1984)
TV campaign slide
Into which category does this fall?
LBJ Daisy (1964)

9. Iowa Caucus and New Hampshire Primary dominate early political news coverage

10. Primaries
Closed
Open
Blanket
Run-off

11. Caucus

12. 1860 Republican Convention in Chicago
1860 GOP Convention
1860 Republican Convention in Chicago

13. The Convention
Presidential candidates have been nominated by the convention method in every election since 1832.
Seating the Delegates.
Convention Activities.
Speech making
Platform formulation
Presidential Balloting
Acceptance Speeches
Becoming less relevant

14. Campaign Finance Terminology
Hard money
Soft money
Air war
Ground war
Political Action Committees (PACs)
Harry & Louise Issue Ad
527 Groups (or Committees)
If Parents Acted Like Bush

15. Regulations Hatch Act (1939) Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)
McCain-Feingold (2002)

16. (Historical) Legal Regulations on Registration
Poll Tax
Literacy Test
Requiring re-registration at periodic intervals
Purging for nonvoting
Residency requirements
Closing date for registration
Office hours for registration may be limited to regular business hours
Registration offices can be limited or widely available
Deputy registrars
Absentee registration

17. Wolfinger & Rosenstone’s Hypotheses
Consequential restrictions
Reforms suggested

18. Voter turnout
Voter turnout

19. Electoral Law Most states require registration
Elections occur on a Tuesday
Votes must be cast in the assigned precinct during polling hours
Absentee ballots need to be requested in advance
Elections are SMDP

20. Machinery of Elections

21. How voters decide Socio-economic and demographic factors Education
Income/socio-economic status
Religion
Ethnicity/Race*
Gender
Age
Region
Psychological factors
Party identification*
Perception of the candidates in terms of image and trustworthiness
Issue preferences, especially on economic issues

22. Party ID measured on a seven-point scale

23. Cartogram of Electoral College Votes
Electoral College Map

25. The Electoral Map – 10/15 (Time)

26. 2004 Results – State Level
Source:

27. 2004 Results – State (pop adj)
Source:

28. 2004 Results – State (EC adj)
Source:

29. 2004 Results – County Level
Source:

30. 2004 Results – County Level (pop adj)
Source:

31. 2004 Results – County (intensity)
Source:

32. 2004 Results – County (intensity, pop)
Source:

33. Caveat: Sometimes the polls are wrong