1. Warm Up – February 28
5 minutes to review for your quiz on the Mongols Reading

2. Mongols Reading Quiz Answer parts a, b, and c
A. Identify and explain one economical similarity between the Mongol rule in China and a previous civilization that we have discussed in class
B. Identify and explain one political similarity between the Mongol rule in China and a previous civilization that we have discussed in class
C. Identify and explain one cultural similarity OR difference between the Mongol rule in China and a previous civilization that we have discussed in class

3. Period 3: 600-1450 (Regional and Trans-regional interaction)
The Mongols

4. The Mongol Empire Largest land-based empire in world history
Stretched from the Pacific coast of Asia to Eastern Europe
Brought the major civilizations of Eurasia (Europe, China, and the Islamic world) into more direct contact than ever before

5. What did they offer? Status of defeated, conquered, and subordinate
The Mongol Empire
One major contribution = facilitated worldwide networks of exchange and communication
No real cultural impact
Did not spread any major religion
Did not spread their language or culture
What did they offer? Status of defeated, conquered, and subordinate

6. Temujin (1162-1227) United and led the Mongols
How did he rise to power?
Capitalized on shifting tribal alliances and betrayals
Mounting string of military victories
Enemies were indecisive
Used his reputation as a leader generous to friends and ruthless to enemies
Incorporated warriors from defeated tribes into his own forces

7. Temujin
1206 = a Mongol tribal assembly recognized Temujin as Genghis Khan
Means “universal” or “supreme” ruler

8. Mongol Expansion
Two major reasons for Mongol expansion under Genghis Khan:
The newly united Mongols needed a common task or else they would fragment and fall apart
He needed external resources with which to reward his followers
1st goal = China

9. Mongol Expansion 1209 = marks the beginning of Mongol conquests
Conquests continued for about 50 years under Genghis Khan and his grandsons = Ogodei, Mongke, and Kublai
Final empire contained: China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Islamic Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe

10. Painting of the Defeat of the Mongol Invasion Fleet
Mongol Expansion
Mongol expansion put in check by a few setbacks, which marked the limits of the empire:
1242 = Withdrawal from Eastern Europe
1260 = Defeat by Egyptian forces in Palestine
1274 & 1281 = Two failed invasions of Japan
Difficulty of moving through the tropical jungles of Southeast Asia
Painting of the Defeat of the Mongol Invasion Fleet

11. Create a Mongols Web Quest
Working on your own, you will create a web quest covering the Mongols
Your web quest should have at least 16 questions and should cover a minimum of 4 different websites (legit sites – do not use sites like wikipedia or ask.com)
Use Google Docs – your web quest will be given to another person to complete and grade
8 questions should cover the Mongols politics, economics and culture including Military characteristics, the Mongol economic policies, administrative policies (structure of their government), Religious policies
8 questions should cover the Mongol rule in China and Russia

12. The Mongol Military
Genghis Khan reorganized the entire social structure of the Mongols into military units
Of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 warriors
Allowed for effective control and command
Conquered tribes = broken up and dispersed throughout these units

13. The Mongol Military Displayed incredible discipline and loyalty
People that deserted their unit in battle = put to death
Unit leaders fought alongside their men
ALL Mongols benefited from the wealth that flowed into the Mongol Empire from conquered civilizations

14. The Mongol Military
Conquered people were incorporated into the military
Nomads = put into the cavalry
Settled peoples = infantry and artillery forces
Other conquered people served as laborers  built roads and bridges, carried supplies, etc.
Artisans and craftsmen = typically spared from massacre, enslaved, and put to work

15. The Mongol Military Brutal and ruthless military tactics
All who resisted Mongol rule = slaughtered along with their wives, children, and dependents
Cities destroyed
Their brutality worked as psychological warfare also  many of those that heard about the Mongols were afraid and voluntarily surrendered

16. Mongol Efficiency Mobilized human and material resources
Detailed census taking
Knew how many people they controlled and what resources were available to them
Allowed them to effectively tax the people
Set up an effective system of relay stations
Provided for rapid communication
Fostered trade
Centralized government
Various government offices
Scribes translated laws into the various languages people spoke throughout the empire

17. Mongolian Economic Policies
Wanted to foster trade
Allowed merchants free use of their relay stations
Often offered merchants 10% more than their asking price

18. Mongolian Administrative Policies
Mongols held the highest decision-making posts
Chinese and Muslim officials held many advisory and lower-level positions
Ancient Mongol capital = Karakorum

19. Mongolian Religious Policies
Total religious toleration  as long as religion wasn’t the cause of political opposition
Major religions throughout the Mongol Empire = Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Daoism

20. China and the Mongols
Most difficult and lengthy conquest for the Mongols
Took 70 years (1209 to 1279) to conquer
Violently conquered northern China  then controlled by various nomadic states
More peacefully conquered southern China  then controlled by the Song Dynasty
Result = unification of a divided China
Gave the Mongols legitimacy
Believed they had earned the Mandate of Heaven

21. China and the Mongols Goal = extract wealth from China
In order to do so  must accommodate the Chinese
Accommodations included:
Use of Chinese administrative practices, taxation systems, and postal system
Took a Chinese dynastic title = the Yuan
Transferred capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Beijing in China

22. Kublai Khan Mongol ruler of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1294)
Improved roads
Built canals
Lowered some taxes
Supported scholars and artists
Limited the death penalty and torture
Supported peasant agriculture

23. China and the Mongols
Mongol rule in China was still harsh, exploitative, foreign and resented
Mongols did NOT become Chinese and they did not accommodate EVERY aspect of Chinese culture

24. Mongols Being Mongols
Many still lived, ate, slept, and gave birth in yurts they put up everywhere
Planted steppe grass within the capital and let animals roam freely
Didn’t use civil service exams
Didn’t learn Chinese

25. Mongol women mixed freely with men, rode horseback, and hunted
Mongols Being Mongols
Mongol women never adopted foot binding
Intermarriage = forbidden
Chinese scholars = couldn’t learn Mongol script
Supported artisans and merchants  opposite of Confucian values
Mongol women mixed freely with men, rode horseback, and hunted

26. 1368 = all Mongols forced out of China and returned home to the steppe
China and the Mongols
Mongol rule in China declined in the mid-1300s
Many factors caused this decline:
Division among the Mongols
Rising prices (inflation)
Epidemics of the plague
Growing peasant rebellions
1368 = all Mongols forced out of China and returned home to the steppe

27. Persia and the Mongols
Conquest of Persia = much quicker and more violent than that of China
1258 = capital of Baghdad sacked
End of Abbasid dynasty
More than 200,000 people massacred

28. Devastation to Persia
Peasants pushed off their land due to heavy taxation
Nomadic Mongols with their herds of animals turned agricultural land into pasture, wasteland, and desert
Irrigation channels = neglected

29. Mongol man and Persian woman
Persia and the Mongols
Many Mongols in Persia were heavily influenced by the Persians there:
Adopted Islam
Left government operation in Persian hands
Learned Persian
Some turned to farming and abandoned nomadic ways
Some married local people
Mongol man and Persian woman

30. Russia and the Mongols
Heavy devastation to Russia  perhaps more than in Persia
Mongol conquest of Russia = called the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
Mongols defeated the Russians, but did NOT occupy Russia
Russia had little to offer
Less developed economy
Not located along any major trade routes
Painting of the fall of Kievan Rus

31. Exploitation of the Russians
Russian princes required to send tribute to the Mongols
Variety of heavy taxes on Russian people
Continuing border raids
Tens of thousands of Russians sent into slavery

32. Influence on the Russians
Although the Mongols weren’t influenced much by the Russians, the Russians were influenced by the Mongols:
Adopted Mongols’ weapons, court practices, diplomatic rituals, taxation system, and military draft

33. End of Mongol Rule in Russia
Mongol rule in Russia started to decline by the end of the 1400s
Major causes of this decline:
Divisions among Mongols
Growing strength of Russian state  now centered on the city of Moscow

34. TOD: February 28 Answer the following questions on a post it:
1. What were the political, economic and spiritual reasons that Christians went to fight in the Crusades?
2. What were the significant effects of the Crusades on the Christian and Muslim worlds?