1. Brian Burkhart Christine Cocchia Jessica Kestler Amanda Langenauer
The Endocrine System
Brian Burkhart
Christine Cocchia
Jessica Kestler
Amanda Langenauer

2. General Regulates: - metabolism - growth/development - puberty
- tissue function
- determining mood

3. General, continued Information signaling system
Regulated mostly by negative feedback
Main hormone production within the body

4. What’s in it. Hormones & glands.
Hormones- transfer info from one cell to another
Glands – group of cells that produce and give off chemicals.
( 7 major glands )

5. 1) Hypothalamus Located at lower central part of brain
Secretes hormones that affect pituitary gland
- controls:
- water balance - appetite
- sleep blood pressure
- temperature

6. Hypothalamus

7. 2) Pituitary Considering the most important part “ master gland “
Located at the base of the brain
Controls many functions of other glands
has two parts: anterior lobe & posterior lobe

8. 2) Pituitary, continued
the anterior lobe produces hormones regulated by the hypothalamus
The posterior lobe produces hormones that are not regulated by the hypothalamus

9. Pituitary Gland

10. 3) Thyroid Located in the lower front part of the neck
Produces hormones that regulate metabolism
Also helps with bone growth, development of the brain, & nervous system.

11. 3) Thyroid, continued
Helps maintain normal: - blood pressure - heart rate
- digestion
- muscle tone
- reproductive function

12. Thyroid

13. 4) Parathyroid Glands
Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid
Regulates calcium levels & bone metabolism

14. Parathyroid

15. 5) Adrenal Glands Triangular-shaped & located on top of both kidneys
two parts: adrenal cortex & medulla

16. 5) Adrenal Glands, cont. adrenal medulla:
- adrenal cortex metabolism balance of salt/water
- helps immune system
- sexual function
adrenal medulla:
- produces hormones that help the body deal with physical and emotional stress

17. The Adrenal Glands

18. 6) Pineal Body Located at the middle of the brain
Secretes melatonin which helps with the wake-sleep cycle

19. Pineal Body

20. 7) Reproductive Glands Main source of sex hormones
female reproductive organ: ovaries
Male reproductive organ:
testes

21. Reproductive Glands, cont.
Ovaries:
- located on both sides of the uterus
- produces estrogen, progesterone, and eggs

22. Reproductive Glands, cont.
Testes:
- located in the scrotum
- produces androgens (ex. Testosterone)
- sexual development & hair growth - produces sperm

23. How it works.
Once a hormone is produced and secreted, it travel from the gland it was produced in through the bloodstream to the target cell.

24. How it works, cont.

25. How it works, cont.
During travel, proteins bind to some of the hormones and this affects how much of the hormone is available to interact with the cells

26. How it works, cont.
Each hormone also has a receptor. The receptor is to make sure it only binds with the cells its supposed too.

27. How it works, cont.
One the target cell is reached, both the receptor on the hormone and the receptor on the target cell bind.
- allows information to be transmitted

28. How it works, cont.
Since the endocrine system runs off of negative feedback.. There are further mechanisms that control levels of specific hormones.

29. Example of negative feedback
When calcium levels rise, parathyroid glands sense this change and there for ‘turns off’ the production of that specific hormone until needed again.

30. Example of negative feedback

31. Diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose
Type 1
-Due to insulin
deficiency
- More serious
- Occurs very rapidly or suddenly
Type 2
- Due to insulin resistance
- Slow
- Symptoms take years to take effect

32. Insulin
When not enough insulin is produced by the pancreas insulin deficiency occurs.
Insulin resistance has enough insulin being produced by cells are resistant to it’s action.

33. Diabetes Symptoms Slow wound/bacteria healing
Increased urine output
Body loses energy
Sudden weight loss
Excessive thirst and hunger
Slow wound/bacteria healing
Frequent urinary tract infections
Blurred vision

34. Treatment Type 1: Provide body with insulin
Tight blood glucose control
Eat healthy foods
Early intensive insulin treatment
Type 2:
Control blood glucose and hemoglobin levels
Diet and exercise daily
Reduce complications in small blood vessels

35. Islet Cell Transplant New Experimental cure for Type 1 Diabetes
Takes place in labs
Technicians extract and purify islet cells from donor’s pancreas.
Surgeon directs tube through opening made in abdomen.
Then infuses islet cells to liver
Cells move into small blood vessels and start to produce more insulin
After surgery: must continue insulin injections and take blood sugar

36. Islet Cell Transplant

37. Diabetes
Video:

38. Osteoporosis Causes bones to become weak, thin, or breakable
If Osteoporosis runs in your family there is a 60-80% on inheriting the disease.
Prevention: calcium in diet and reduce drinking and smoking

39. osteoporosis

40. Osteoporosis Symptoms “Silent Disease” Minimal symptoms
Sudden strain, bump, or fall leads to bone fracture.
Dull pain in lower back and neck

41. Osteoporosis Treatment
Diet should contain protein, calcium, and Vitamin D
Estrogen Replacement Therapy stops bone loss
Calcitonin is an injectable nasal spray enables body to hold on to more calcium.
Regular exercise

42. Cushing’s Syndrome Caused by high levels of cortisol in blood
Pituitary gland does not respond with negative feedback

43. Cushing’s Syndrome Warnings:
Rapid weight gain, excessive sweating, and thinning on skin
Depression and anxiety
Depresses the immune and inflammatory responses

44. Cushing’s Syndrome Diagnosis Dexamethasone suppression test
24-hour urinary measurement
Sampling cortisol in saliva

45. Cushing’s Syndrome Treatment Tapering off steroids
Surgical removal of adrenal adenoma and/or corticotrophic pituitary adenoma
If both adrenal glands are removed, must be replaced with hydrocorisone or prednisolone is imperative.

46. Cushing’s Syndrome