1. Introduction
Concern: intrusion into confined aquifer in glacial sediments

2. Location of study area

3. Flooding of Retsof salt mine: March 1994 to January 1996
Point out rubble chimneys

4. Water-level recovery: 1996 to 2006
lower confined aquifer
in the collapse area
flooded salt mine

5. Increasing salinity in collapse area: 1996 to 2006
Apparent velocity 12m/year

6. Halite saturation (Sept 1996) and stratigraphy in the collapse area
3 types of waters:
Halite brine
Saline water in 30%, Ca, Mg, SO4, Br
Confined 10% ~ sea water

7. Model domain

8. Saturation profile in collapse area (Sept 1996)
Discuss fracture zones, extent and origin:
regional vs collapse related
Mine filled with brine, 60 billion liters, ~ 30% of aquifer volume
Mine cavity squeezing shut -> soda cup analogy

9. Modeling approach

10. Model simulations

11. Recovery period simulations: saturation profiles
Observed, 45-layer A&D, 159-layer w/ O/B-FZ

12. Development of saturation profile: Jan 1996 to Sep 2006
Model B
confined aquifer
fracture zone
Inflow of saline water from bedrock fz
Lateral diversion of brine in model B
flooded salt mine

13. Brine migration: Jan 1996 to Sep 2006
Model A
Model B
Brine moves higher in model B—mixing and lower porosity

14. Saline water migration: Jan 1996 to Sep 2006
Model A
Model B
Less saline water inflow in model A

15. Freshwater migration: Jan 1996 to Sep 2006
Model A
Model B
Less freshwater remains in chimneys in model A
Model A salinity: freshwater and bedrock water at top of chimney
Model B salinity: freshwater and brine

16. Decline in saturation in response to pumping
Model B is better match

17. Sensitivity of simulated pumping Model B w/ 3 fracture zones
Important parameters: brine displacement rate, currently ~ 1.6 L/s

18. Affect of simulated pumping on saturation
confined aquifer
fracture zone
flooded salt mine

19. Conclusions