1. Using Bioinformatics to Study Evolutionary Relationships

2. What do you predict about how these animals are related to one another?
Coyote
Labradoodle
Jack Russell
Toy Poodle
English Shepherd
Gray Wolf
Cocker Spaniel
Red Fox

3. Obtain & Analyze DNA Sequence Data for Genetic Research
Genetic Data
Obtain Samples:
Blood , Saliva, Hair Follicles, Feathers, Scales
Compare
DNA Sequences to One Another
Extract DNA from Cells
Sequence DNA
…TTCACCAACAGGCCCACA…
TTCAACAACAGGCCCAC
TTCACCAACAGGCCCAC
TTCATCAACAGGCCCAC

4. Multiple Sequence Alignment of Canine DNA Sequences

5. Canine
Phylogenetic Tree: shows the inferred evolutionary relationships among species based on similarities/differences in their genetic ch’istics.
Figure caption: The phylogenetic tree is based on 15 kb of exon and intron sequence (see text). Branch colours identify the red-fox-like clade (red), the South American clade (green), the wolf-like clade (blue) and the grey and island fox clade (orange). The tree shown was constructed using maximum parsimony as the optimality criterion and is the single most parsimonious tree. Bootstrap values and bayesian posterior probability values are listed above and below the internodes, respectively; dashes indicate bootstrap values below 50% or bayesian posterior probability values below 95%. Horizontal bars indicate indels, with the number of indels shown in parentheses if greater than one. Underlined species names are represented with corresponding illustrations. (Copyright permissions for illustrations are listed in the Supplementary Information.) Divergence time, in millions of years (Myr), is indicated for three nodes as discussed in ref. 1. For scientific names and species descriptions of canids, see ref A tree based on bayesian inference differs from the tree shown in two respects: it groups the raccoon dog and bat-eared fox as sister taxa, and groups the grey fox and island fox as basal to the clade containing these sister taxa. However, neither of these topological differences is strongly supported (see text and Supplementary Information).

6. Zoom in 2 closely related species Common Ancestor
Figure caption: The phylogenetic tree is based on 15 kb of exon and intron sequence (see text). Branch colours identify the red-fox-like clade (red), the South American clade (green), the wolf-like clade (blue) and the grey and island fox clade (orange). The tree shown was constructed using maximum parsimony as the optimality criterion and is the single most parsimonious tree. Bootstrap values and bayesian posterior probability values are listed above and below the internodes, respectively; dashes indicate bootstrap values below 50% or bayesian posterior probability values below 95%. Horizontal bars indicate indels, with the number of indels shown in parentheses if greater than one. Underlined species names are represented with corresponding illustrations. (Copyright permissions for illustrations are listed in the Supplementary Information.) Divergence time, in millions of years (Myr), is indicated for three nodes as discussed in ref. 1. For scientific names and species descriptions of canids, see ref A tree based on bayesian inference differs from the tree shown in two respects: it groups the raccoon dog and bat-eared fox as sister taxa, and groups the grey fox and island fox as basal to the clade containing these sister taxa. However, neither of these topological differences is strongly supported (see text and Supplementary Information).
2 closely related species
Common Ancestor