1. BIOCHEMISTRY

2. Outline Macromolecules of life Assemble/disassemble
1. Carbohydrates (Glucose)
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
2. Lipids (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
3. Proteins (amino acids)
Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA)
Enzymes

3. MACROMOLECULE
SUBUNIT
FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
Carbohydrates
Starch / Glycogen
Glucose
Energy storage
Potatoes
Cellulose
Cell walls
Paper
Chitin
Modified Glucose
Structural Support
Crab shells
Lipids
Fats
Glycerol,
3 fatty acids
Butter, soap
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids + phosphate
Cell membranes
Lecithin
Steroids
Four carbon rings
Membranes, hormones
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Terpenes
Long carbon rings
Pigments, structural
Carotene
Rubber
Proteins
Globular
Amino acids
Catalysis, transport
Sucrase
Hemoglobin,
Structural
Support
Hair, silk
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Nucleotides
Encodes genes
Chromosomes
RNA
Needed for gene expression
Messenger RNA

4. Assembling Macromolecules

5. Disassembling Molecules

6. Carbohydrates “energy storage”
2 atoms - Hydrogen
1 atoms - Oxygen for every
1 atoms - Carbon
saccharide (sugar)
3-7 carbon = mono
3-7 x = di
Many = poly

7. Disaccharides Glucose + glucose = maltose
Glucose + galactose = lactose
Glucose + fructose = sucrose

8. Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

9. Lipids “energy storage & cell membranes”
Structure
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (100 fatty acids)

10. Types
Saturated = no carbon double bonds
= 1 mono,
= 2 or > poly (Oleic acid found in mammalian tissue)
Unsaturated = carbon double bonds
Properties
Insoluble in water
Unsaturated = liquid (olive oil)
Saturated = solid (margarine)
Functions
2.25 more energy/g .: used as energy storage: triglycerides
Cell membranes : phospholipids
Steroids (4 carbon rings): Cholesterol synthesizes hormones, bile,
vitamin D3

11. Proteins
Structure
Amino acids (11/20 made in the body)

12. Enzymes
Catalyst: speeds up chemical reactions in the body, but remains unused in the reaction.
they lower the amount of energy required to initiate a reaction
Enzyme: is a protein catalyst the speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy
1000’s usually end in ‘ase’

13. Structure
Active site that is specific to the substrate ( the molecule being disassembled)
When the substrate binds to the active site, it wakens the bond, using water to disassemble (hydrolysis)

14. Factors that Influence Enzyme action
Temperature
most function best at 35oC – 40oC pH
optimum 6 -8
pepsin digests proteins in stomach at pH 2
Activators : chemicals that promote the change of the enzyme’s shape in order for catalyst to occur
Inhibitors : a chemical that binds the enzyme and shuts down enzyme activity
1. Competitive: occupies the active site
2. Noncompetitive: attaches and changes its
shape is

15. Nucleic Acids Types DNA : deoxyribonucleic acid RNA : ribonucleic acid
Function
Information storage
Encodes genes for protein synthesis
Structure
long polymers of nucleotides

16. 3. An organic base (Nitrogenous base)
Nucleotides
3 Structures:
1. A five carbon sugar
2. A phosphate group (PO4)
3. An organic base (Nitrogenous base)
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil (RNA only)

19. Homeostasis
“The tendency of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.” (McGraw-Hill, 2006)
Sensor
Stimulus Control centre
Effector