1. Why do we have emotions? What purposes do they serve?

2. Emotions – feelings; also:
Physiological: internal physical changes
Brain: cerebral cortex, limbic system, amygdala
Autonomic Nervous System: heart rate, breathing, trembling, stomach
Cognitive: thoughts, values, expectations influence type & intensity
Behavioral: (non verbal) expressions, body position, touch, eye gaze, tone

3. Primary Emotions (universal)

4. We are born with the ability to mimic facial expressions

5. Emotional Display
Complex emotion requires experience & brain development
Birth - 6 months
Display interest, distress, disgust, contentment
Respond to happy, angry, sad faces of others
7 months - 1 year
More emotions, social referencing
1 - 3 years
Secondary emotions (envy, embarrassment), empathy, sharing
3 - 6 years
Masking emotions, cultural display rules

6. Theories of Emotion James-Lang: physiological arousal -> reaction
Ex. Feel sad because we are crying
Schachter’s Two Factor: 1) physical arousal 2) cognitive labeling
Ex. Dentist
Cannon-Bard: simultaneous arousal, behavior, and emotion
Ex. Shark

7. Dislike
Think about the last time that you met someone and disliked them. What didn’t you like about them?
Impressions, reactions are almost entirely emotional

8. Emotion - Application First impressions Pain Love Drugs & Emotion
Teachers
Employment
Pain
Broken leg
Broken heart
Wisdom tooth surgery
Death of a loved one
Love
Drugs & Emotion

9. Mood Disorders Major Depression Episodic Depression Bipolar Disorder
Recurrent episodes of 5+ of despair, hopelessness, worthlessness, loss of interest in activities/people, negative self-evaluations, guilt, suicidal thoughts, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, bodily pain
Episodic Depression
1 episode of 2+ weeks of depressive symptoms
Bipolar Disorder
cycles of mania & depression: mania = inappropriate emotion, euphoria, extreme irritability, extreme anxiety, grandiosity, flight of ideas, goal-directed activity, impulsivity, excessive talkativeness, high risk pleasurable behavior

10. Mood Disorders
Biological Factors: disordered frontal lobe or gray matter, genetic predisposition, NT imbalance (depression: too little SE, DA, NE, mania: too much SE, DA)
Environmental Factors
Depression: learned helplessness, internal, stable, and global attributions, role transitions, grief
Bipolar Disorder: stress
Treatment
Mood stabilizers, (extreme) exercise, diet, stress management, cognitive restructuring, interpersonal or family therapy, ECT (rare), deep brain stimulation

11. Normal
Depressed

13. Mania
“When I'm manic, I'm so awake and alert, that my eyelashes fluttering on the pillow sound like thunder” – Andy Behrman
Those who enjoy or are productive with manic symptoms likely to stop treatment
More mania = more depression, more likely to commit suicide

14. Prognosis Major Depression Bipolar Disorder
Untreated likely to have symptoms for life
Drugs short-term then stop 80% relapse
Maintenance drugs 50% relapse
Drugs + psychotherapy 35% relapse
Psychotherapy effective in 16 weeks
Bipolar Disorder
Maintenance drugs or symptoms for life
Psychotherapy to reduce episodes, severity, manage relationships