1. Proper Etiquette with Nonhuman Primates
In this presentation, you should learn:
Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures;
Perception of human postures and expressions;
Positive ways to safely interact with primates.

2. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Photo courtesy V. Reinhardt
A smile can mean the same as in humans, and denote a happy, positive feeling!

3. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Photo courtesy ACLAM
Photos courtesy V. Reinhardt
Fear grimaces denote fear or anxiety, and sometimes accompany other pain or distress.
This is also seen in humans, usually in small children.

4. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Pursed lips combined with rapid jaw movements. This will sometimes create a “smacking” sound
Lip smacking is a way of displaying a liking for an individual…
Photos courtesy V. Reinhardt
…or reassurance that all is ok

5. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Photo courtesy V. Reinhardt
A “Play face” is used to show playful intentions and block aggressive responses…

6. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Photos courtesy V. Reinhardt
…while an open mouth threat stare shows aggressive intentions.

7. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
“Threat stare”
“Play face”
Ears back
Relaxed, open mouth.
Forward head tilt.
Ears erect
Head tilted back
Tense, open mouth.
These are easily confused.
However, note these differences.

8. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Aggression can also be more severe, and be offensive…
Photo courtesy ACLAM
or defensive in nature.
Photo courtesy V. Reinhardt

9. Meanings of primate facial expressions and postures
Photo courtesy V. Reinhardt
A submissive rump display is used to appease or submit to a higher ranking individual.
This is a sign of respect of the social hierarchy.
Note that it does not necessarily mean that they want to be touched, or that unwanted interactions will go undefended.

10. Perception of human postures and expressions
Many of the previously mentioned postures and expressions are perceived in the same way when presented by humans.
Lip smacking, rear head tilts, relaxed postures, and redirected eyes are all seen as neutral or positive, and should be used whenever possible.
Direct stares, forward head tilts, and tense jaws are all seen as threats and will elicit stressful, fearful or aggressive responses.
Squared-up approaches are perceived as stressful invasions of personal space, where angled approaches are less tense and preferred. Try this with a partner to feel the difference!

11. Perception of human postures and expressions
INCORRECT
CORRECT

12. Positive ways to safely interact with primates.
Human interactions are an important aspect of providing for the social needs of nonhuman primates.
Due to their unpredictable behavior and large, sharp teeth…
this must be done with caution, to prevent both injury and possible disease transmission.
Photo courtesy ACLAM

13. Positive ways to safely interact with primates.
Some things you can do:
As previously mentioned, use positive gestures such as lip smacking to provide additional social interactions.
For animals that present body parts for grooming, objects such as back-scratchers can be used to provide touch while maintaining a safe distance.
Talking at a higher tone, yet low volume, best imitates natural positive vocalizations.

14. Positive ways to safely interact with primates.
When using restraint devices (other than chemical restraint) on awake animals, such as primate chairs, pole and collar (detailed in chapter 4 under Handling), etc., acclimation to the devices and positive reinforcement for cooperation is a priority.
When an NHP is confined to a chair, restrain the head and avoid its face by approaching and working with the animal from behind.
Manipulations of non chemically restrained animals that have potential for exposure to scratch and bites must be evaluated for safe practices including use of engineering controls (e.g. collar and pole) , shields, enhanced PPE, etc. as applicable. Acclimation to these novel items is also warranted.
Positive reinforcement training is encouraged, and can be used both for cognitive stimulation and for cooperation of manipulations such as sample collection, injections, and movement.
All personnel must be trained and experienced in the techniques outlined above. DLAR Enrichment Specialists are available for such training as needed.

15. In Review…
Understanding both an animal’s and your own body language can allow you to communicate certain moods.
With this in mind, you can reduce stress associated with improper interactions, as well as improve well being through positive interactions.
Interactions with NHPs are important, but this must be done correctly to ensure safety.

16. If you have any questions, or would like more hands on training, please contact the DLAR Enrichment Specialists at