1. A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Communication Networks
S Ramanathan
Martha Steenstrup
Presented by
Arun T-M and Nihal Sequeira

2. Introduction Popularity of mobile wireless networking factors
Scope of this paper
Routing system constituents
What does the Routing system do?
Issues, challenges and solutions
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3. Network Organization Stationary endpoints Mobile endpoints
Stationary switches
Wireline
Cellular
Mobile switches
Satellite
Packet radio
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4. Cellular Networks Stationary switches and mobile endpoints
Frequency reuse and system capacity
Cells and Base stations
Cellular networks --AMPSPCSGSM
Design problems
a)Partioning
b)Cell radii, base station location,Overlap
c)Cell splitting,Handoffs,mobile switching
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5. Packet Radio Networks Whats in packet radio network?
Switch mobility EX:PRNET, SURAN
Problems Clustering switches
Clustering techniques
--Local clustering algorithm
--Hierarchical Clustering
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6. Satellite Networks Satellite switches Users covered through
ground-satellite
Inter-satellite
LEO satellites
Problems in organization
Design best topology 
No of satellites,positions,orbits,grazing angles
Inter-satellite connectivity
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7. Location tracking Mobility tracking Identifier—address mappings
Generic Issues
how to initiate changes in database?
Organizing and maintaining database
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8. Update location database
Operations->Updating and Finding
Static strategies
Location Areas
Reporting cells
Drawbacks: Inaccurate user mobility, frequency
Dynamic Strategies
a) Every Tsecs
b)After M crossings
c) Distance exceeds D->difficult implementation
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9. Organization of Location database
Minimize latency and overhead
Single storage space, single point of failure
Three way tradeoff between overhead, latency and simplicity
Partition network and distributed database concepts
HLR,VLR concepts
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10. Location tracking in PCS -- IS-41 and GSM standards
--Partitioning and two level hierarchy
--HLR->VLR->MSC interaction for mobility tracking
Location tracking in the Internet
-- Mobile IP support for mobile hosts
--care-of address, mobility binding
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11. Location tracking in Packet Radio Networks
--”flat" packet radio network not scalable
--Hierarchical Clustering(EX:SURAN)
--hierarchical address
--address servers
--NAVSTAR GPS system for routing messages
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12. Routing selection and forwarding
Stationary infrastructure
Cellular telecommunication networks
Mobile-controlled handoff
Mobile endpoint monitors signal quality.
Network-controlled handoff
Endpoint’s base station monitors signal quality
Mobile-assisted handoff
Base station monitors quality assisted by mobile endpoint
Soft handoff
Mobile endpoint affiliated with multiple base stations
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13. Routing selection and forwarding
Wireless ATM networks
Connection re-establishment
Entire new virtual circuit established
Connection modification
Original connection modified
Connection prediction
Multiple connections established
Internetworks
Direct routing
Triangle routing
Multicast
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14. Routing selection and forwarding
Mobile infrastructure
Minimum cost routing
Link-state and distance-vector algorithms
Metrics
Promoting efficient use of transmission capacity, hop count, capacity, interference
Route discovery
Broadcast, random selection
Alternate routes
Changes in network connectivity, failure in primary route, break in current route
Hierarchical routing
Quasi hierarchical routing
Enhances tier routing by including minimum distance to other radios
Strict hierarchical routing
Uses tier routing within a cluster and link state routing among clusters
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15. Thank You
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