1. Review
What was the XYZ Affair? How did the American diplomats react to it?
How did Americans react to the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France?
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions propose?

2. Review
What was the XYZ Affair? How did the American diplomats react to it?
In 1797, French officials tried to demand payments from American diplomats claiming the US has wronged France
American diplomats were insulted and refused to pay
How did Americans react to the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France?
Created Anti-immigrant feelings and general suspicions about immigrants, specifically among Federalists
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?
Naturalization act – 14 years to be citizen
Alien Friends Act – deportation for any suspicious immigrant
Alien Enemies Act – deportation for any immigrant from a country the US is at war with
Sedition Act – criminalized criticizing the gov’t
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions propose?
The idea of nullification – a state could refuse to follows laws that they thought were unconstitutional

3. JEFFERSON & THE REVOLUTION OF 1800

4. X Election of 1800 POTUS Adams vs TJ… again Federalists:
“TJ supports the French Revolution and French radicals and is an atheist who is out to destroy organized religion!”
Dem-Reps: “Adams is a tool of the rich and wants the US to resemble the British monarchy by taking away our rights!”
POTUS

5. Election of 1800
Adams lost because the Federalists were unpopular after the Quasi-War and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
TJ ran with Aaron Burr as his fellow Democratic Republican candidate.
The Constitution allowed for each elector in the electoral college to vote for 2 candidates.
The winner with the most votes = POTUS.
The runner up = VP.
TJ and Burr both got 73 electoral votes… TIE!

6. Hamilton Breaks the Tie
The House of Representatives was called upon to break the tie by voting for either TJ or Burr for president.
Hamilton convinced most Federalist representatives to vote for TJ rather than Burr → TJ = POTUS!
Hated TJ, but was the lesser of two evils.
BURR TJ
POTUS!

7. The Election of 1800
Adams will not win a second term… all the Federalists and Hamilton know that → must choose between TJ and Burr.
The electoral votes end in a tie between TJ and Burr, thus the House of Reps will vote.
Hamilton endorses TJ and the Federalists in the House of Reps vote for TJ (“landslide”)
Burr becomes VP (runner-up), but blames Hamilton for his loss of the presidency.

8. Hamilton vs Burr DUEL
Burr was PISSED that he wasn’t chosen as POTUS, and blamed Hamilton!
Plus, Hamilton ruins his campaign for NY governor in 1804.
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel!

9. Hamilton vs Burr DUEL
Duels were not uncommon, but usually did not end with a death.
Challenging someone to a duel was more of a symbolic act – HONOR!
Each person would choose a “second.”
Responsible for meeting to negotiate a deal between the parties.
If the seconds couldn’t reach an agreement, they would arrange a duel date and location.

10. Your Obedient Servant
This song details the real-life letters between Hamilton and Burr before the duel.
Each letter was signed - “I have the honor to be Your Obdt. St.” - referencing honor but in a sarcastic way.
The song is written in ¾ time - like a waltz… the letters are like a dance between the two men.

11. Hamilton vs Burr DUEL 1804 - Met in New Jersey
Dueling had recently been outlawed in NY and NJ, but NJ didn’t enforce anti-dueling laws very much.
Hamilton shot into the air
Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach
Hamilton died the next day.
Burr is charged with murder, but never faces trial → ends Burr’s political career.

12. The World Was Wide Enough
Hamilton and Burr meet to duel.
Most duels do not end in death (“most disputes die and no one shoots”)
Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach/ribs (“look him in the eye, aim no higher”)
Hamilton shot in the air (“he aims his pistol at the sky”)

13. Hamilton’s Legacy Patriot Federalist 1st Secretary of the Treasury
Revolutionary War veteran
Federalist
1 of 3 authors of the Federalist Papers
Leader in the Federalist Party
Helped calm the Whiskey Rebellion
1st Secretary of the Treasury
Created National Bank
Influential in paying back Revolutionary War debts

14. Midnight Judges Adams defeated by TJ for presidency.
Adams realizes that the Federalist party is not popular anymore.
The Federalists will lose their power in the government if fewer people vote for them.
Has a few days left as POTUS before TJ takes over.
Judiciary Act of 1801 – Congress created several new federal judge positions
Federal judges serve LIFE terms → long lasting influence
Adams filled the positions with Federalist judges… the night before he left office.
Midnight judges – Federalist judges appointed by Adams on his last day in office

15. Marbury v. Madison (1803) TJ unhappy about midnight judges
Madison (Sec. of State) refused to deliver appointment papers because Adams was no longer president
Marbury was appointed, but didn’t get his papers from Madison

16. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marbury sued Madison claiming the Judiciary Act of 1789 said that…
the SCOTUS has the power to force the executive branch to deliver any appointment papers
Certain cases (like this one) can be filed directly in the SCOTUS without being heard at lower courts first.

17. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marbury v. Madison (1803) - SCOTUS decided in favor of Madison because the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional.
The Constitution doesn’t say the SCOTUS can force the executive branch to deliver appointment papers.
It’s unconstitutional to sue someone in the SCOTUS, you have to use lower courts first.
If the law is unconstitutional, Madison doesn’t have to deliver the papers.

18. Marbury v. Madison (1803) Why important? John Marshall
Established judicial review – the power of the SCOTUS to evaluate the constitutionality of laws.
Expands the power of the judicial branch
John Marshall
Chief justice of the SCOTUS
Appointed by Adams – Federalist
Responsible for the Marbury v. Madison decision and establishing judicial review
In the next 30 years, Marshall influences many SCOTUS decisions that increase the power of the federal government.

19. The Revolution of 1800
The first time a NEW political party came to power
Cut back on Federalist actions under Adams
Repealed Alien and Sedition Acts
Cut national taxes (to roll back Hamilton’s Economic Plan)
Cut tariffs to encourage trade
Reduced the size and spending of the military

20. The Revolution of 1800
Changed the way the public viewed the President.
Dressed-down
Took off wig to greet visitors
Walked into the Inauguration Ceremony instead of riding in a carriage
Wanted to appeal to the common man

21. The Revolution of 1800
1st POTUS to take office in new capital: Washington DC
Begins the Virginia Dynasty: next two POTUS also from VA
Reflected the growing importance of the South in politics (increased sectionalism)
Emphasized the decline in Federalist support

22. Jefferson Expands the Nation
TJ faced a dilemma…
Wanted more farmable land to increase his dream agricultural economy
Doesn’t want to add TOO much land – leads to a bigger national government
TJ favors a strict interpretation of the Constitution which DOES NOT state that the POTUS can purchase new territories from other nations. ?

23. Louisiana Purchase
Spain secretly gave the Louisiana (LA) Territory back to France.
Napoleon takes back control of the MS River that Spain had given to the US in Pinckney’s Treaty.
By 1803, Napoleon has lost interest in North American conquests due to other problems.
Slave rebellions in Haiti
At war with England

24. Louisiana Purchase
TJ sends James Monroe to France to offer to buy LA Territory for $15 million
Long shot - $15 million was not a lot of money for that much land
Napoleon AGREES!!!

25. MS River to Rocky Mountains- 828,000 sq. miles
DOUBLES the size of the US!

26. Jefferson – The Practical Politician
What does it mean to be practical?
Sensible
Realistic
Useful
TJ = Democratic Republican
Weaker central government
Strict interpretation of Constitution
Buying the LA Territory goes against ALL of TJ’s political beliefs…
BUT he knew it was a good move for the future of the US, so he was PRACTICAL and buys the land.

27. Exploring New Lands The US had doubled its size for a CHEAP price
Lewis and Clark were sent to explore this new territory
Sacajawea, a female Native, helped them along the way