1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Body

2. Definitions Anatomy – Physiology-
Science of the structure of the human body, and the relationship between body parts
Physiology-
The science of body function, the study of the physical and chemical processes that direct activity

3. Approaches to A & P Systemic Regional
Study all organs of a system together
Regional
Study all organs/structures in 1 area of the body

4. Physical Needs for Life
Water
body is 60-80% water
Fluid base for reactions, secretions and excretions
Ingested from foods or liquids
Lost from evaporation in lungs and skin
Oxygen
Chemical reactions that release energy from foods requires oxygen

5. Physical Needs For Life
Food
Contains chemicals used for energy
Carbohydrates – used for energy
Proteins – used for structure
Fat – cushion body organs
Temperature
Body temperature must remain fairly 98.6 F
Pressure
Exchange of oxygen depends on atmospheric pressure

6. Requirements for life Maintaining Boundaries Responsiveness Movement
Inside must remain distinct from outside
Ex: cell membrane, skin
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes in environment and react to them
Movement
Growth

7. Requirements for life Metabolism Digestion Excretion Reproduction
All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Digestion
Breaking down food into smaller molecules
Excretion
Removal of wastes (CO2, urine, feces)
Reproduction
Production of offspring

8. Organizational Levels
MOLECULAR
Atoms, molecules, organelles
CELLULAR
Cell is basic functional unit in the body
Different cells have different function
TISSUE
Group of cells carrying out common function
ORGAN
2+ tissue types that perform a specific function
SYSTEM
Group of organs with similar/related functions
ORGANISM
Combination of all systems

10. Reference Terminology
Anatomical Position
Palms forward
Body standing erect
Feet slightly apart
Thumbs point away from body

11. Directional Terms Superior – toward the head
Inferior – toward the feet
Anterior/ventral – front
Posterior/dorsal – back
Medial – toward the midline of body
Lateral – away from the midline of the body
Proximal – toward the core of the body
Distal – away from the core of the body
Superficial – toward the surface of the body
Deep – further within the body
Visceral- lining of organ
Parietal – lining of cavity

12. Body Planes Sagittal Transverse Frontal
Cuts body into right/left halves
Transverse
Cuts body into top and bottom
Frontal
Cuts body into front and back

13. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial Spinal
Thoracic
Pleural
Pericardial (mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal
pelvic

14. Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

16. Negative Feedback Loop
Maintains constant internal environment
Reaction is opposite to stimuli input
Three parts
Sensors
Integrating center
Effector

17. Examples of negative feedback
House thermostat
Body thermostat
Balance
Heart rate

18. Positive Feedback Loop
Effectors increase stimuli input
Does not allow fine control
Example: childbirth