1. Overview of the Human Body
Year 10 Human Biology 2015

2. Course Content Levels of Organisation
Link systems to essential processes
Internal body organisation
Cells as the basic structure
Link cellular structures with essential processes

3. From the cell to the body
Each human develops from just one cell – the ZYGOTE.
That cell divides repeatedly (mitosis) and by a process called DIFFERENTIATION the new cells become specialised for particular functions.
There are around 200 different types of cells in the human body.

4. Differentiation
Differentiation: stem cells (centre) can differentiate into specialised cells

5. Levels of Organisation - Cells
Cells are the basic structure of all body systems
Cells are specialised to carry out different functions
Cells with similar specialisations that carry out a common function are grouped together to form tissues

6. Levels of Organisation – Tissues, Organs and Systems
Tissues are the second structural level
Different types of tissue work together as organs
An organ is normally made up of two or more tissues
A group of organs that work together is called a system
All body systems are integrated to form the organism

7. Levels of Organisation

8. Structural Organisation of the body
Organism
System
eg/ Digestive
Organ
eg/ Small Intestines
Tissue
eg/ Bones
Cell
eg/ Muscle cell
Organelle
eg/ Mitochondria
Molecule
eg/ Water (H2O)
Atom
eg/ Carbon

9. How many body systems can you name?

10. Internal Body Organisation: Body systems
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system
Circulatory system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Lymphatic system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system (male and female)

11. Respiratory system Consists of:
Mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs (alveoli)
Function:
Gaseous exchange between the external environment and the blood

12. Nervous system Consists of: Brain, spinal cord, nerves/nerve cells
Function:
Regulation of all body activities
Learning and memory
Responsiveness

13. Circulatory system Consists of: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Functions:
Transport of life-sustaining materials to the body’s cells
Removal of metabolic wastes from cells
Temperature Regulation

14. Digestive system Consists of:
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver
Functions:
Breakdown and absorption of food materials
Excretion of solid waste from the body

15. Integumentary system Consists of: Skin, hairs, nails Functions:
External support of the body
Protection of the body
Excretes unwanted substances
Body temperature regulation

16. Skeletal system Functions: Consists of:
Axial bones, appendicular bones, joints
Functions:
Internal support
Attachment for muscles to allow movement
Production of blood cells
Joints allow a flexible framework

17. Muscular system Consists of:
Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
Functions:
Body movement
Production of body heat

18. Urinary system Consists of: Kidneys, ureter, urethra, bladder
Functions:
Filtration of blood to allow excretion of waste products
Maintenance of fluid volume
Maintenance of the chemical composition of blood

19. Reproductive system Consists of:
Testes, vas deferens, urethra, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Functions:
Production of sex cells
Transfer of sex cells
Provide an environment for the growth and development of the embryo until birth

20. Endocrine system Consists of:
Glands such as adrenal, thyroid, pancreas etc
Functions:
Secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of the body

21. Lymphatic system Consists of: Lymph nodes, lymph vessels Functions:
Body immunity
Absorption of fats
Drainage of tissue fluid

22. Body Systems and Essential Processes
Metabolism
All systems
Ingestion
Digestive
Movement
Muscular; Skeletal; Nervous
Responsiveness
Nervous; Endocrine
Growth
Excretion
Urinary; Skin; Respiratory; Digestive
Differentiation
Reproduction
Reproductive

23. Complete Body systems sheet
Work to be completed
Complete Body systems sheet
Link the Body systems to the Essential processes
Answer the Section one review questions.

24. Cells
Year 10
Human Biology 2015

25. Different cells are specialised for different tasks
Shape and structure of a cell varies according to the task they perform
Certain structures are common to most cells

26. Animal Cells vs Plant Cells

27. Cell Structures Cytoskeleton – microfilaments, microtubules Inclusions
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoskeleton – microfilaments, microtubules
Inclusions
Cillia / Flagella

28. Surrounds and forms the outer boundary of the cell Very thin
Cell membrane
Surrounds and forms the outer boundary of the cell
Very thin
Allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell

29. Cell Membrane

30. Thick fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell
Cytoplasm
Thick fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell
75% to 90% water
All the cell’s contents are suspended in the cytoplasm

31. All the structures within the cell are called organelles
Nucleus
All the structures within the cell are called organelles
Nucleus – largest organelle in cells
The “brain” of the cell
Electron micrograph of cell
nucleus, showing the double
membrane and nuclear pores

32. Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough – protein synthesis and packaging
Ribosomes attach to this structure.
Smooth – Lipid/steroid synthesis and storage
Organelles
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Electron micrograph showing endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
Mitochondria
Associated with energy release in the cell

33. Organelles
Figure 3.8 Cells from the lining of the trachea showing cilia
Figure 3.9 Scanning electron micrograph showing sperm cells with flagella

34. Involved in the reproduction of the cell Golgi apparatus
Organelles
Centrioles
Involved in the reproduction of the cell
Golgi apparatus
Package proteins for release from the cell
Others
Lysosomes
Cilia and Flagella

35. Other cell organelles…
Lysosomes
Contain acid enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. They can be described as the stomach of the cell. 
Digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Non-living cellular components. Eg Lipids, Glycogen, Pigments,

36. Putting it all together!

37. Cellular Structures and Essential Processes
Metabolism
Cytoplasm; Mitochondria
Ingestion
Lysosomes; Golgi app.
Movement
Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella
Responsiveness
Nucleus
Growth
Ribosomes; Nucleus
Excretion
Cell membrane; Golgi apparatus
Differentiation
Inclusions; Ribosomes
Reproduction
Centrioles; Nucleus

38. Cell structures worksheet Summary tables of essential processes
Work to be completed
Cell structures worksheet
Summary tables of essential processes