1. Revolutions in Argentina and Peru
Jose de San Martin
Revolutions in Argentina and Peru

2. Upper Peru, Argentina and Chile
Argentina - British captured Buenos Aires in Creole/Royalist response was the creation of an Argentinian junta - there was fractured leadership among the Argentinians - Jose de San Martin returned from Spain to become a military leader of the Argentinian Independence movement * Creole who had spent most of his life in Europe * had learned lessons from Bolivar’s previous failures * felt that the liberation of the Viceroyalty of Peru would lead to the liberation of all of South America

3. The situation in Argentina was chaotic and plagued with political instability.
- Independence was officially declared independent in 1816
- Creole divisions led to the government changing hands 5 times between 1810 and
1819. In 1820, it changed on average once every two weeks.
San Martin’s Liberation Campaign
San Martin had tried 3 times to bring his army
into Upper Peru, but had failed each time
- 1817: crossed into the Andes with 5,000 men
* Chileans were ready to support liberation
* defeated royalists at Chacabuco and
then went on to capture Santiago

4. defeated the royalists at Maipu
- Chacabuco was a decisive victory over the royalists for San Martin
* patriot army was far superior to the royalist
* San Martin divided up forces – one commanded by Bernardo
O’Higgins
* O’Higgins helped secure the victory and went on to become the
leader of the new Chilean government (San Martin didn’t want
the position- he wanted to be supreme ruler of Peru)
1818: The fighting continued until San Martin’s forces
defeated the royalists at Maipu
* Maipu was a significant victory for San Martin – patriots
controlled almost all of Chile
* San Martin turned his focus to Peru

5. San Martin in Peru 1820: San Martin’s forces -
Chilean, Argentine, British
mercenaries
* gained support of Peruvian Creoles who were tired of fighting against Spanish rule
* he proposed a compromise similar to Iturbide’s Plan of Iguala, but Peruvian Creoles
were still divided
* San Martin’s forces finally wore down royalists and he took over Lima and became the
“Protector of Peru”
* many Creoles started to see his policies as radical and San Martin began to lose
support (this is in 1822 when he left to meet Bolivar in Ecuador- never returned to
power)