1. Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1 – Chapter 1
Major Themes of
Anatomy and Physiology

2. Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
Form and Function
Homeostasis

3. Anatomy - The Study of Form
Observation of surface structure
Cadaver dissection
cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships
Comparative anatomy
study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

4. Anatomy - The Study of Form 2
Physical examination
palpation, auscultation, percussion
Gross anatomy
visible with naked eye
Histology
examination of cells with microscope

5. Early Medical Illustrations

6. Physiology - The Study of Function
Study of bodily functions
using methods of experimental science
Comparative physiology
study of different species
Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

7. Hierarchy of complexity
organism is composed of organ systems
organ systems composed of organs
organs composed of tissues
tissues composed of cells

8. Hierarchy of Complexity 2
Cells contain organelles
Organelles composed of molecules
Molecules composed of atoms

9. Anatomical Variation No 2 humans are exactly alike
variable number of organs
variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

10. Characteristics of Life
Organization
Cellular composition
Excretion
Metabolism and excretion
Responsiveness and movement
Homeostasis
Development
Reproduction
Evolution

11. Physiological Variation
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
Typical values
reference man
22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
consumes 2800 kcal/day
reference woman
same as man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day

12. Homeostasis Claude Bernard (1813-78) Homeostasis
stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Homeostasis
Walter Cannon ( ) coined the term
fluctuates within limited range around a set point
Loss causes illness or death

13. Negative Feedback Loop
Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

14. Negative Feedback, Set Point
Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

15. Human Thermoregulation
Brain senses change in blood temperature
if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

16. Control of Blood Pressure
Circulatory stretch receptors
detect a rise in BP
Cardiac center in brainstem
sends out nerve signals
Heart slowed and BP lowered

17. Structure of Feedback Loop
Receptor = senses change
Integrator = control center that responds
Effector = structures that restore homeostasis

18. Positive Feedback Loops
Self-amplifying change
leads to change in the same direction
Normal way of producing rapid changes
occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

19. Life-Threatening Fever
Temperature > 108 degrees F
increases metabolic rate
body produces heat even faster
Cycle continues to reinforce itself
Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F

20. Anatomical Terminology
Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots
Naming confusion during the Renaissance
same structures with different names
structures named after people (eponyms)
Search for uniform international terminology
1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms
each structure = unique Latin name
Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998

21. Analyzing Medical Terms
Terminology based on word elements
lexicon (Appendix C)
Scientific terms
one root (stem) with core meaning
combining vowels join roots
prefix modifies core meaning
suffix modifies core meaning
Acronyms
first few letters of series of words

22. Useful Tables in Textbook

23. Review of Major Themes Cell theory Homeostasis Evolution
activity of cells determine structure and function
Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions
Evolution
our body evolved by natural selection
Hierarchy of structure
levels of complexity
Unity of form and function
physiology is inseparable from anatomy

24. Medical Imaging Radiography (x rays) Radiopaque substances
William Roentgen
penetrate soft tissues and darken photographic film
dense tissue remains white
Radiopaque substances
injected or swallowed
hollow structures
blood vessels
intestinal tract

25. Medical Imaging Computed Tomography (CT scan)
low-intensity X rays and computer analysis
slice type image
increased sharpness
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
best for soft tissue
Mechanics
magnetic field aligns atoms
radio waves realign the atoms
radio turned off
atoms realign to the magnetic field
energy given off depending on tissue type

26. Medical Imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)
assesses metabolic state
mechanics
inject labeled glucose
positrons and electrons collide
gamma rays given off
analyzed by computer
image glucose usage

27. Medical Imaging Sonography mechanics avoids harmful x rays obstetrics
high-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
avoids harmful x rays
obstetrics
2nd most commonly used technique