1. Unit 3: Cellular Biology

2. Unit 3 Cellular Biology Table Of Contents
2.3 Cell Theory 2.4 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 2.5 Basic Cell Structure 2.6 Organelles 2.7 Plant vs. Animal Cells

3. Definition of a Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

5. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork with a microscope
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell

6. Cell theory (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
1889 (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from other cells”

7. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

8. Cell Size

9. Unit 3 Cellular Biology Table Of Contents
2.3 Cell Theory 2.4 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 2.5 Basic Cell Structure 2.6 Organelles 2.7 Plant vs. Animal Cells

10. Age of the Earth
The universe as a whole is estimated to be about 13.8 billion years old.
Our solar system (and our planet, Earth) is estimated to have begun approximately billion years ago.
The Milky Way Galaxy, our home turf.

12. Glow in the dark squid… how does it do that?

13. Vibrio fischeri
Glow in the dark bacteria
Helps the squid survive in the deep ocean
Lives in fish and other marine life

14. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)

15. Prokaryotes
Oldest of cell types, first appeared on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.
Very simple and small cells.
Do not have membrane-bound organelles,

16. Prokaryotes Do not have a real nucleus
Nucleoid: region of concentrated DNA (some have it, some don’t)
Can live in hostile environments.
ALL are Unicellular organisms, such as Bacteria
Escherichia coli

17. Prokaryotic Cells

18. Naming Shapes of Prokaryotes
Cocci = spherical (round)
Bacillus = rod shaped
Spirilla = helical (spiral)

19. Eukaryotes
First appeared on Earth approximately 1.5 billion years ago.
Complex internal structure, larger than prokaryotes
Have a nucleus, with DNA (genetic material) inside.
Contain organelles surrounded by coverings called membranes
Plant
Animal

20. Eukaryotes Can be both unicellular or multi-cellular
Most living organisms, including all known members of Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

21. Video – Amoeba Sisters

22. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
DRAW this Venn diagram in your notebook. Make it nice and big (about half a page).
Take 4 minutes to fill in the chart with a partner.
Afterwards we will share out as a class.

23. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Chloroplasts
Multicellular

24. How do the differences line up?
Prokaryotes
Organelles lack a membrane
Ribosomes are the only organelles
Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm (DNA and RNA)
Eukaryotes
Organelles covered by a membrane
Multiple organelles including ribosomes
Membrane covered Genetic material

25. How do the differences line up?
Prokaryotes
Circular DNA
Unicellular
Cells are smaller in size
Has larger number of organisms
Eukaryotes
Linear DNA
May be multicellular or unicellular
Cells are larger in size
Has smaller number of organisms

26. Unit 3 Cellular Biology Table Of Contents
2.3 Cell Theory 2.4 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 2.5 Basic Cell Structure 2.6 Organelles 2.7 Plant vs. Animal Cells

27. Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane (ALL cells)
Cell Wall (Plants & Fungi, some bacteria, NOT animal cells)

28. Cell Membrane Found in ALL cell types Function: Surrounds the cell
Forms the barrier between the cell and its outer environment.
Selectively Permeable: Controls what enters or leaves the cell

29. Cell Membrane Structure:
Double layer of molecules called “phospholipids”.
Therefore, called a phospholipid bilayer

30. HYDROPHOBIC = WATER FEARING HYDROPHILIC = WATER LOVING
Cell Membrane
Phospholipids:
2 parts:
Head – hydrophilic
Tail – hydrophobic
HYDROPHOBIC = WATER FEARING
HYDROPHILIC = WATER LOVING

33. Fluid Mosaic Model

34. Cytoplasm Found in ALL cell types
Function: Suspends (holds) the internal cells structures and organelles
Structure: A thick, gel-like material that fills the inside of the cell
Made of nutrients, enzymes, and water.

35. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands of ribosomes
Found on endoplasmic reticulum, on nuclear membrane & floating throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
Function: Make proteins to build cell structures

36. Cytoskeleton Prokaryotes & eukaryotes
Structure: Network of protein strands, like a skeleton
Function:
Supports and maintains shape of cell
Involved in cell movement and internal transport

38. Unit 3 Cellular Biology Table Of Contents
2.3 Cell Theory 2.4 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 2.5 Basic Cell Structure 2.6 Organelles 2.7 Plant vs. Animal Cells

39. Nucleus Found ONLY in Eukaryotic cells
Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane
Function:
Controls the cell’s activities (BRAIN of the Cell)
Contains genetic material (DNA)

40. Nucleolus Structure: dark spot inside nucleus
Function: Creates RNA, which is used to build proteins

41. Nuclear Membrane/Envelope

42. Chromosomes Inside nucleus Made of DNA Function:
DNA is genetic material: instructions for construction, control, traits & characteristics of the cell/organism

43. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function: Moves materials around in cell
Structure: folded phospholipid bilayer (membrane material)
2 Types:
Rough (pictured): has ribosomes embedded in surface (black dots)
Smooth: no ribosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum

44. Endoplasmic Reticulum Around the Nucleus

45. Smooth ER vs. Rough ER More Functions:
Rough ER - ribosomes on the ER make proteins, the ER modifies the proteins
Smooth ER – no ribosomes. makes lipids

46. Mitochondria Found in BOTH ANIMAL & PLANT cells Function:
Produces energy (ATP) for the cell
“Powerhouse of the Cell”
Cellular Respiration – a chemical reaction that breaks down fats & carbohydrates into ATP (energy).

47. Golgi Apparatus ‘Packaging & shipping station‘ of the cell Function:
Packages materials (proteins) for transport
Preparing to move materials out of the cell
Structure: Made of a stack of flattened membrane sacs.

49. Golgi Apparatus Animation

50. Cell City Song

51. Organelles Rap

52. Unit 3 Cellular Biology Table Of Contents
2.3 Cell Theory 2.4 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells 2.5 Basic Cell Structure 2.6 Organelles 2.7 Plant vs. Animal Cells

53. “Typical” Animal Cell Structure

54. “Typical” Plant Cell Structure

55. Centrioles Found ONLY in ANIMAL cells Structure:
Cylindrical structures found near the nucleus
Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles
Function:
Used in cell division

56. Vacuoles Found in ANIMAL & PLANT cells
Structure: Membrane-bound sacs, contains a water solution
Function:
For storage, digestion, and waste removal
Help plants maintain shape (central vacuole)

57. Central Vacuole in Plants

58. Plant Cell

59. Cell Wall Most commonly found in PLANT, BACTERIA & FUNGI cells
Surrounds the cell membrane (on the outside)
Supports and protects the cell

60. Chloroplast Found ONLY in PLANT cells Contains green chlorophyll
Function: Site of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: chemical reaction that uses light energy and carbon dioxide to make oxygen and sugar
Have their
own DNA

61. Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts
Mitochondria make energy (ATP) from food molecules through cellular respiration
Chloroplasts make food molecules from light energy through photosynthesis

62. Plant vs. Animal Cells

63. Plant vs. Animal Cells

64. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
DRAW this Venn diagram in your notebook. Make it nice and big (about half a page).
Take 4 minutes to fill in the chart with a partner.
Afterwards we will share out as a class.

65. Endoplasmic reticulum
Plant vs. Animal Cells
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
HAVE:
Cell Wall
LARGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
DO NOT HAVE:
Centrioles
HAVE:
Centrioles
DO NOT HAVE:
Cell Wall
LARGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts

68. ANY QUESTIONS?