Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I

Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I
Spring Semester 2007 Syllabus Basics and Important Notes

General Notes I expect to cover the first 12 chapters of the text and the first 10 exercises in the lab manual during this semester. We will start with page 1 in both and go from there. This means we will be working very hard and very fast. By coming to class you will know where we are with the subject material and you will be able to keep up to date particularly since the schedule is provisional. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Lecture, laboratory and exam schedule
I expect there will be changes as the semester progresses depending upon mitigating circumstances. Exams will be given during lab periods. Exams will be given on scheduled dates regardless. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Schedule: week #, topic, chapter (C), lab (L)
Biology: Exploring Life C1 L Safety, 1 MLK Holiday, Monday, Jan 15 The Chemical Basis of Life C2 L2 The Molecules of Cells C3 L3 Exam 1, Jan 30, Test in place of Tues lab, C 1-3 A Tour of the Cell C 4, test no lab The Working Cell C5 L4 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy C6 L5 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Schedule: week #, topic, chapter (C), lab (L) 5
Exam 2 Feb 20, Test in place of Tues Lab C4 – 6 Photosynthesis C7, Test – no lab The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance C8 L6 Patterns of Inheritance C9 L7 Exam 3, Mar 13, Test in place of Tues lab C7 – 9 Molecular Biology of the Gene C10 No lab Mar 19 – 23 Spring Break 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Schedule: week #, topic, chapter (C), lab (L) 6
The Control of Gene Expression C11 L8 DNA Technology and Genomics C12 L9 Exam 4, Tues in place of lab C10 – 12 Lecture catch-up Catch-up, L10 Catch-up / Exam Review No Lab Date to be determined? Final Exam – Cumulative 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

COURSE OBJECTIVES: Gain an understanding of basic biologic processes and principles. 2) Develop a knowledge and appreciation of scientific inquiry. 3) Acquire information useful in making life decisions. While taking this class: Graduates will demonstrate the ability to understand mathematical information and perform mathematical manipulations at the level necessary to carry out common business transactions. Graduates will demonstrate sufficient knowledge of natural laws and processes to understand environmental and health issues of common interest. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

CELL PHONE POLICY Cell phones are a distraction to me and the other students as well as a source for cheating. It is my policy that cell phones are banned! Any student whose cell phone rings during class will be asked to leave for the remainder of the class. A second episode will result in dismissal from the course and a course grade of an F. Any student leaving during class to answer a vibrating phone will not be permitted to return for the ongoing class. A second episode will result in dismissal from the course and a course grade of an F. Any student with a visible or audible phone during a test will have their test taken from them regardless of completion and will receive a zero. To be safe, don’t bring a phone with you! 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

RESPTECT FOR OTHERS Out of respect for others limit your talking to asking me questions (which is strongly encouraged, I have an informal policy in this regard), leaving class (except in an emergency), or using the restroom. Remember class begins as soon I begin lectures so please stop socializing and begin paying attention. I will ask you attention only once. If you continue distracting me and the class, you will be asked to leave and counted absent for the day. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

EVALUATION PROCEDURE:
Grades will be based on 4 class/lecture exams, lab reports/questions, and a final exam. The final exam will be include new material and will be cumulative over the entire semester. You are responsible for all assigned materials whether covered in class or not. Assigned textbook material, lab material, class material and online power point lectures are testable material regardless of whether it is addressed in class or not. It is, therefore, highly recommended that you obtain the textbook, laboratory manual, regularly attend classes, and visit my SGA library website to download prior to lecture the corresponding PowerPoint Lecture materials. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Grading Scale: A (90-100), B (80-89), C (70-79), D (60-69), F (0-59) Make-up exams: will be given only upon receipt of a satisfactory excuse as determined by the instructor. The make-up must be completed no later than the 1st class session after the missed scheduled exam. By necessity make-up exams will be fill-in-the-blank, short discussion, and/or essay type (don’t missed a scheduled test! They are incredibly difficult!). Missed exams not made-up on time will be counted as a zero. It is the students’ responsibility to notify the instructor of make-up work. Be prepared: You will be asked individual questions in class. These questions will affect your final grade. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

You are responsible for all materials regardless of whether it was covered in class or not! The final exam will be comprehensive covering the entire semester. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

NOTE: Grades will not be scaled, curved, or otherwise finagled. Final grade: lecture exams + lab reports + lab work / attendance + final exam = Average 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

LABORATORY: Lab attendance and participation is mandatory! Be on time! Absences will result in a zero (0) as will poor preparation, failure to follow safety procedures and not cleaning your work stations upon completion. If you are not present when roll is called you will be counted absent and receive a zero. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

LABORATORY: Advance preparation for labs is a must!! Check your syllabus for the schedule. Lab participation can and will ultimately affect your final grade. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

LABORATORY: Computer generated-typed lab reports organized with appropriate tables, charts, and figures may be required, but at a minimum I will give questions to answer for each and every single lab. These must also be typed with lab title, lab number, date, name and your answers. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

LABORATORY: I will assign the labs which will require reports. The lab reports will be submitted in a binder with a cover page and formatted in accordance with your lab manual’s guidelines. Appendix A: “Tools for Scientific Inquiry” and Appendix B: “A Guide to Writing a Scientific Report” in your lab manual being sure to follow the checklists and guidelines explicitly. You may work with your lab partners in organizing and interpreting your data, but you may not copy or plagiarize their work or vice versa. Your final report is your responsibility and yours only. You will have exactly two weeks from the assigned lab to prepare your reports. They are expected at the beginning of the second lab session after the assignment. They will be graded on neatness, presentation, format, correct information, and appropriate interpretation. Handwritten and unbound reports will not be accepted! 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

LABORATORY: Lab evaluation: In addition to formal lab reports or lab questions, there will be questions on the scheduled exams. Be sure you study metric conversion in the “Tools for Scientific Inquiry” appendix of your manual, as well as other lab material as assigned. Since there is overlap between lab and lectures, most other lab material will be tested in conjunction with lecture exams. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

ATTENDANCE POLICY: Students are expected to attend all the scheduled classes and laboratory sessions. In a case where that is not possible the Division of Natural Science and Mathematics has the following policies: The student will be assigned the grade of zero for any assigned class work or exam missed because of an absence if the absence is not excused by the instructor. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

ATTENDANCE POLICY: If you miss any announcements, handouts, or other assigned work because of an absence regardless of the reason, you are responsible to get the material from your classmates. Don’t come to me. I don’t have the time to take care of you. Remember, you are an adult and only you can be responsible. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

ATTENDANCE POLICY: In the event of an excused absence, the student will be given a grade of zero for any assigned work or exam missed if the assignment or exam is not completed. The student will be responsible for bringing uncompleted work to the attention of the instructor. Make-up work will be completed as soon as possible and preferably within two class sessions upon return from his/her excused absence. If you miss more than the allotted number of classes, you will get an F for the semester. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

ATTENDANCE POLICY: The maximum number of class days that a student can miss and still receive credit for the course is twice the number of meetings per week. I will take attendance at the beginning of class. If you are late, even 5 minutes, you will be counted absent. A student not present when the roll is called will be counted as absent for that class meeting. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

ATTENDANCE POLICY: You are allowed two EXCUSED lab absences. Excused absences must be approved in advance. In the event of a missed lab, you must make it up within 2 days of the scheduled lab, which will be difficult since I have no intention of setting a whole lab for just one or two students. You are responsible for your make up work and must come to me for the assignment. I will not look for you. Special Note: If you miss class you will have to get notes, handouts, and announcements from your classmates if they are willing to share with you. As you can see, class attendance is to your advantage. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Biology: Exploring Life
Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life

Key Terms (page 1) Adaptation Archaea Atom Bacteria Biology Biosphere
Cell Community Consumers Controlled experiment Decomposers Domains Ecosystem Emergent properties Eukarya Eukaryotes Hypothesis Kingdoms Molecule Natural selection 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Key Terms (page 2) Organ system Organelle Organism Organs Population
Producers Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cell Species System Taxonomy Technology Theories Tissues 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds
A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds Brown pelicans Are part of the web of life in their environment 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans
The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans Has meant trouble for the species The brown pelicans’ connection to the environment Sets the stage for the study of biology 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY Figure 1.1
1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology Life’s structural hierarchy Defines the scope of biology: the scientific study of life Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Organ Brain Tissue Nervous tissue Cell Nerve cell Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Spinal cord Nerve Figure 1.1 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Figure 1.1 9/19/2018

Question Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all others in the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue? Organ 9/19/2018

As well as the nonliving environmental components
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a par ticular area As well as the nonliving environmental components All the living organisms in an ecosystem Make up a community 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species
A population Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species An individual living entity Is an organism 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues
The hierarchy continues downward with Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Concept Check Which of the following levels of life’s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life’s domains: Archaea and Bacteria? The population level. The organism level. The organ level. The molecular level. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Answer Which of the following levels of life’s hierarchy is not appropriate when referring to two of life’s domains: Archaea and Bacteria? The organ level. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment which contains both living and nonliving components 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Environment ENVIRONMENT natural world: the natural world, within which people, animals, and plants live. It is regarded by many as being at risk from the harmful influences of industrialized societies. Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs
Two major processes are at work in an ecosystem: The recycling of chemical nutrients The flow of energy 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question Explain how the photosynthesis of plants functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Photosynthesis use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to make energy rich compounds/food, making it the pathway for nutrients and energy for most organisms. It is the basis of the entire food chain for all living organisms. 9/19/2018

9/19/2018

Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem
Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat Sun Air CO2 O2 H2O Chemical energy Inflow of light Loss heat Producers Cycling nutrients Consumers Decomposers Soil Ecosystem Figure 1.2 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question Explain why cells are considered the basic unit of life
They are the lowest level in hierarchy of biological organization at which properties of life actually appear. 9/19/2018

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life A cell Is the basic unit of life that can perform all functions necessary for life including: Regulate its internal environment Take in and use energy Respond to its local environment Develop and maintain its complex organization Divide to form new cells 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

from the complex organization of a system, such as a cell
New proper ties emerge from the complex organization of a system, such as a cell An important theme of biology is the emergent property: Life is dependent on the organizational levels of a cell – or “the whole is greater than sum of its parts.” System: the combination of the parts that from a more complex organization, regardless if it is a cell or a community. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Eukaryotic cells Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus Prokaryotic cells Lack such organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) Eukar yotic cell Prokar yotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Organelles 25,000  Figure 1.3 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question What is the chemical basis of all life’s kinship?
DNA is the genetic material 9/19/2018

EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features DNA is the genetic information For constructing the molecules that make up cells and organisms 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Each species’ genetic instructions
Each species’ genetic instructions Are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains A C T G Figure 1.4A 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

DNA is the genetic information
DNA is the genetic information for constructing the molecules that make up cells and organisms. Each species’ genetic instructions are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s two helically coiled chains. All organisms share a set of common features: ordered structures regulation of the internal conditions growth and development energy use response to environmental stimuli the ability to reproduce and evolve. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question List the 6 basic characteristics of life. Ordered structures
Regulation of internal conditions Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli The ability to reproduce and evolve 9/19/2018

Homeostasis All organisms share a common set of features
All organisms share a common set of features Ordered structures Regulation of internal conditions Figure 1.4B Figure 1.4C 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli
Growth and development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli The ability to reproduce and evolve Figure 1.4D Figure 1.4E 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question List the three domains and the five kingdoms.
Give examples of each. Eukaryote, Bacteria, Achaea Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Monera, Protista Any animal, any plant, yeast and mushrooms, E. coli, algae and amoeba 9/19/2018

1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains Organisms are grouped (classified) into: the prokaryotic 2 domains: Bacteria and Archaea the eukaryotic domain Eukarya 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Domains Bacteria and Archaea
Domains Bacteria and Archaea SEM 3,250 Figure 1.5A SEM 25,000 Figure 1.5B 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Domain Eukarya includes
Domain Eukarya includes Protists (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms) The kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Kingdom Fungi 275 Kingdom Animalia Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.5C 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life Charles Dar win Synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection Figure 1.6A 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Concept Check Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the ___________level of life’s hierarchy. Community Population Individual Organ 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Answer Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. For the most part natural selection acts as a filtering agent at the ___________level of life’s hierarchy. Population 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Natural selection is an editing mechanism:
Natural selection is an editing mechanism: That occurs when populations or organisms, having inherited variations, are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 2 3 Populations with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Figure 1.6B 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

All organisms have adaptations
All organisms have adaptations That have evolved by means of natural selection Killer whale Pangolin Figure 1.6C 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question How does natural selection allow a population to adapt to its environment? On average, those organisms with heritable traits best suited for their local environment produce the largest number of offspring that survive and reproduce. This increases the frequency of these traits in the population. 9/19/2018

1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE 1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature Science Is a way of knowing Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

1. Discovery Science In discovery science
1. Discovery Science In discovery science Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions Inductive: LOGIC reaching a conclusion based on observation: generalizing to produce a universal claim or principle from observed instances 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

2. Hypothesis-Based Science
2. Hypothesis-Based Science In hypothesis-based science Scientists attempt to explain obser vations by testing hypotheses 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses Hypothesis-based science involves: Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions and Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-based science? In the first, scientists make observations and describe objects and phenomena (inductive reasoning); in the second, they propose hypotheses, make deductions, and test predictions. 9/19/2018

Hypothesis Theory needing investigation: a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, used as a basis for further investigation The hypothesis of the big bang is one way to explain the beginning of the universe. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Hypothesis - defined A conjecture advanced for heuristic purposes, cast in a form that is amenable to confirmation or refutation by conducting of definable experiments and the critical assembly of empiric data; not to be confused with assumption, postulation, or unfocused speculation. Heuristic: LOGIC procedure for getting solution: a helpful procedure for arriving at a solution but not necessarily a proof 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Deduction Conclusion drawn: a conclusion drawn from available information. Drawing a conclusion: the process of drawing a conclusion from available information. LOGIC logical conclusion: a conclusion reached by applying the rules of logic to a premise. LOGIC reasoning: the forming of conclusions by applying the rules of logic to a premise 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

A Case Study from Ever yday Life
A Case Study from Ever yday Life Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 1)
Observations Question Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Replacing bulb Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Five Steps of the scientific method
Observation come from others or results of earlier tests Questions are asked about unclear aspects of the observations: How? Why? When? Hypotheses are tentative explanation of a phenomenon phrased in such a way as to be testable. Predictions are logical, testable outcomes of the hypotheses developed by the use of deductive reasoning. Predictions take the form of if (statement of hypotheses) is true, then (predictions). Tests of prediction are performed to determine if the predictions are supported (fail to falsify) or falsified. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Two important qualities of the hypotheses-based science
A hypothesis must be testable. A hypothesis must be falsifiable. A hypothesis becomes credible when repeated attempts to disprove it fail. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Controls Controlled experiment, one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group. Ideally, the experimental and control groups differ only in the one factor the experiment is designed to test. Without the control group, one could not rule out certain test areas as the cause of the difference. This experimental design should leave only one factor to account for the difference in the two groups. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Question What two required features of an hypothesis?
It must be testable and falsifiable 9/19/2018

Question Why is it difficult to draw a conclusion from an experiment that is not controlled? Without a control you don’t know if the experimental outcome is due to the variable you are trying to test or due to some other variable. 9/19/2018

BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION
1.8 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways: Biology in the news has an enormous impact on our every day lives. Some examples of biology in the news are endangered species, genetically modified crops, global warming, pollution, cloning, nutrition, emerging diseases, and medical advances. Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge and discovery. Scientists speak of discovery while engineers speak of inventions. Scientists and engineers benefit from the work and success of each other. 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Biology is connected to many impor tant issues in our lives
Biology is connected to many impor tant issues in our lives Environmental problems and solutions Genetic engineering Medicine Figure 1.9 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Many technological advances Stem from scientific research
Many technological advances Stem from scientific research The science-technology-society relationship Is an impor tant aspect of a biology course 9/19/2018 Dr. Perkins

Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. Charles Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is an editing mechanism that occurs when populations of organisms having inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others. All organisms have adaptations that have evolved by means of natural selection. 9/19/2018

Evolution and Natural Selection
9/19/2018

Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Biology 1107: Principles of Biology I"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback