1. Mrs. Brostrom Oceanography
The Protista Kingdom
Mrs. Brostrom
Oceanography

2. Origin of the Universe Big bang theory Origin of Earth
4.5 Billion Years Ago
Accretion of dust/debris into suns, planets, moons etc. 
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3. Origin of the Ocean Water in volcanic gases spewing out
When Earth was cool enough, it began to accumulate into 5 interconnected basins on earth’s crust (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern)
Ocean – Means “Big River”

4. Cyanophytes Kingdom: Eubacteria Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Pink flamingoes get their color from eating red cyanophytes
 stromatolite, produced by the activity of ancient cyanobacteria 850mya
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Origin of atmosphere: Fossil evidence of cyanobacteria 3.5bya
Generated oxygen that is in our atmosphere today
“Black scum” on rocks, even at shoreline today
Scientists hypothesize that photosynthesis evolved in cyanophytes

5. Photosynthesis Process of making food
Sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2
Plants/Seaweed
Occurs in the chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight
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6. Cellular respiration
“Burning” of food to release sun’s energy trapped in it
C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

7. The Six Kingdoms

8. Kingdom Protista
mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms
Characteristics of Protists:
mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae)
can be heterotrophic (rely on external energy sources) or autotrophic (photosynthesisers)
most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body)
ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

9. Diversity of Algae
Millions of algae species, but we’ll focus on these:
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Red Algae
Brown algae
Green algae

10. Diatoms Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Bacillariophyta
Approximately 50,000 species
secrete glass shells they make from dissolved silica in water
Fish and other plankton feed on diatoms
Can be present in harmful algae blooms that harm fish

11. Dinoflagellates Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Dinophyta Unicellular
Flagella to help them move through the water
They are the cause of Red Tide, when there is an outburst in population and in turn water becomes red/brown in color
can produce toxins, which cause memory loss and other impaired brain functions in humans, will cause food poisoning from fish consumed
Noctiluca are bioluminescent dinoflagellates

12. Brown Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Phaeophyta
Giant kelp can grow ~12 inches a day
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Phaeophyta
1500 species of Brown algae; all are multicellular and large
More structurally complex; holdfasts, blades, stipes, & pneumatocysts
Used in cosmetics, pudding, toothpaste, ice creams
One dinoflagellate that has gotten out of control is Pfiesteria.  Pfiesteria grows in fertilizer and raw sewage. It has killed a billion fish along the costs of North Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia since 1991.

13. Reg Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Rhodophyta
4000 species of Red Algae; most are marine
Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters.
Important for coral reefs; act as mortar for the spaces in between the corals
Used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, as food, and some cheeses
Irish moss is dried and eaten in Japan

14. Green Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Chlorophyta
7000 diverse species; single and multicellular
Anchor to rocks with holdfasts
Biologist reason that green algae gave rise to land plants; both contain chlorophyll A and B & cell walls made of cellulose
Sea lettuce looks like a plant, but is actually much simpler