1. TODAY Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies
Industrial minerals mining
Generalizations about 19th C neo-colonial development
Agriculture & Rural Development: 5 issues
Character of small holder agriculture
Land (or agrarian) reform

2. LAST TIME Neo-colonial (post independence) Extractive Economies
Bananas in Central America
Coffee in Columbia, Central America, & Brazil
Industrial minerals mining

3. Industrial Minerals Chilean nitrates & phosphates Bolivian Tin
Copper, lead, zinc in Peru
Oil in Mexico and Venezuela

4. nitrates

5. Tin

6. copper

8. Oil & gas

9. Generalizations about 19th C neo-colonial development
Few jobs except for small-holder coffee
Profit to few (mostly foreign or local elites)
Foreign control of development, infrastructure, capital investment, and expertise
Development geographically isolated
Few economic multipliers
At the mercy of international prices
Foreign control
Nationalization

10. Geographic Impact of the colonial and neo-colonial extractive economy
Geographic isolation of some development
Much development focused on the main, often primate, usually old colonial center city — often called the core
“Rachet-effect” of development in the core city

11. Agricultural & rural development: 5 Important Issues
Characteristics of small holders
Land reform
Role of Technology
Productivity paradox
Internal colonization

12. Agricultural and Rural Development I: Small Holder Agriculture
Poverty
Field fragmentation
Risk averse
Polyculture
Intraspecies diversity
Role of off-farm income

13. Agricultural and Rural Development II: Land reform
Goals of land reform
Improved social equity
Productivity increases
Political goals
Types of land reform
Re-distributive type
Collectivist type
Mixed type
Contemporary “grass roots” types

14. Re-distributive land reform: Bolivia example
Pre-reform agriculture in 1950
Revolution in 1952 =>
Results of Bolivian land reform

15. Collectivist land reform: Cuba example 1959 and after
pre-reform 1959
1959 revolution =>
Results of Cuban land reform

16. Mixed land reform: Mexico example 1910-21 revolution
Pre-reform in 1910
Post-revolution: 1921 — 1980s
Ejido system
Most haciendas expropriated and all or parts redistributed
Wealthy hacienda owner got to keep some lands
Some ex-hacienda lands were set up as undivided collective farms
Results of Mexican land reform

17. Río Fuerte

19. Contemporary reform movements
O Movimento dos Sem Terra (The Movement of Rural Landless Workers) or the MST

20. © Wendy Woford

22. Egalitarian and Socialist
A New Society:
Egalitarian and Socialist
© Wendy Woford

23. MST Activists
© Wendy Woford

24. Marcelo and Iara
© Wendy Woford

25. © Wendy Woford

26. © Wendy Woford

27. © Wendy Woford

28. © Wendy Woford

35. Campos Settlement, SC
© Wendy Woford

36. A settler’s land, Campos, SC
© Wendy Woford

37. Ourives Settlement
© Wendy Woford

38. © Wendy Woford

39. © Wendy Woford

40. Without Running Water: Ourives
© Wendy Woford

42. © Wendy Woford

47. Effective Methods: MST from 1985 to 2000
2 million members
On 4,000 settlements
In 22 states
230,000 occupations