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High Medieval Europe (ca )

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Presentation on theme: "High Medieval Europe (ca )"— Presentation transcript:

1 High Medieval Europe (ca. 900-1300)

2 High Medieval Europe What is the stereotype of the Middle Ages in Europe we have inherited? How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

3 Economy and Society The Social Orders Oratores Bellatores
Laboratores (SERFS)

4 Economy and Society Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals
VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work

5 Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Three-field system
Iron plowshare Horses Results Better standard of living Population doubled

6 Economy and Society

7 Economy and Society The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans
Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

8 Economy and Society Engaging in the Economy CREDIT Loans

9 Economy and Society Expansion of Trade Fairs More seaborne trade
Contact with Mongol Empire  more trade! Medieval Fair Court of Kubilai Khan

10 Economy and Society Questions?

11 The Emerging Western States
England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Viking occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r ) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English King Alfred the Great

12 The Emerging Western States
Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom

13 The Emerging Western States
The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r ) died Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy William invaded England, defeated Harold at Hastings (1066) William  “the Conqueror” (r ) The Bayeux Tapestry (ca )

14 The Emerging Western States

15 The Emerging Western States
Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law!

16 The Emerging Western States

17 The Emerging Western States
Holy Roman Empire Many principalities, under an emperor Princes governed independent states Emperors Claimed highest authority Had to respect princes’ rights A decentralized monarchy

18 The Emerging Western States
Questions?

19 The Church and Christianity
The “Papal Monarchy” Supreme authority of Latin Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Papal States The Curia Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”)

20 The Church and Christianity
Pope Innocent III (r ) Lawyer-pope Most powerful pope ever Clash with King John Over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John John submitted to pope Innocent III

21 The Church and Christianity

22 The Church and Christianity
The Great Schism (1054) Greek and Latin Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) The Churches excommunicated each other

23 The Church and Christianity
The Crusades Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Council of Clermont (1095) called for recapture of Holy Land First Crusade ( ) Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! Victory  Crusader States established Siege of Antioch

24 The Church and Christianity
Other Crusades Christians lost ground in Holy Land  new crusades launched Third Crusade ( ) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade  failure Crusades over by 1300 Saladin

25 The Church and Christianity
The Mendicant Orders AKA friars The Dominicans Founder: Dominic Guzman Purpose: preaching “apostolic style” The Franciscans Founder: Francis of Assisi Purpose: live in apostolic poverty Francis of Assisi

26 The Church and Christianity
Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

27 The Church and Christianity
The Sacraments Seven Essential to salvation! Performed by clergy alone The Eucharist Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION Corpus Christi Procession

28 The Church and Christianity
Questions?

29 Culture The University Organization of master and students
Specialization Students given clerical status, grouped into “nations”

30 Culture Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching
Books very expensive! Master’s role Read excerpt of text Commentary Refute objections Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

31 Culture Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia
Chanson de Roland (12th cent.) Beowulf (ca. 1000) The Divine Comedy ( ) Dante Alighieri

32 Culture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches
Sculpture on exterior Round arches “Leaning Tower,” Pisa ( )

33 St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France
Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse ( ), France Exterior

34 Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior

35 Culture Gothic Architecture Pointed arches Stained-glass windows
Flying buttresses Chartres Cathedral ( ), France

36 Culture Chartres Cathedral Stained-Glass Window, Interior

37 Culture Questions?

38 High Medieval Europe How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

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