1. Chapter X Inner & East Asia 600 - 1200 (Region 3)

2. Chapter X Objectives - Sui & Tang Empires Changes
Chapter X Objectives - Sui & Tang Empires Changes? Confucians out, Buddhists in, Confucians back - Causes of the Decline of Tang Empire? - Causes of the Rise of the Song Empire? - Their Cultural/Technological advances? - Early Korea, Japan, & Viet Nam Culture? - Importance of Champa Rice!!! (?)

3. Chapter X Quote “From the loving example of one family, a whole State may become loving, and from its courtesies, courteous; while from the ambition and perverseness of the one man the whole State may be thrown into rebellious disorder. Such is the nature of influence.” Confucius
Understand this!!

4. Mr. Whitaker’s Quote “Throughout the History of China, 4 Major influences rotated in & out of favor: Legalism, Confucianism, Daoism, & Buddhism (a 5th comes here). Master what each influence can be expected to bring about in China & you will master Chinese History, oh Grasshopper!”

5. S U I E M P I R E
Understand this!!

6. The Sui & Tang Empires, 581-755 Reunification
The Sui Empire reunified China & established a government based on Confucianism, heavily influenced by Buddhism.
The Sui’s rapid decline & fall was due to its having spent large amounts of resources on ambitious construction: Grand Canal, irrigation, & military projects.
The Tang Empire was established in 618. The Tang carried out a program of territorial expansion, avoided over-centralization, & combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions.

7. T A N G E M P I R E

8. Buddhism & the Tang Empire
Tang Emperors legitimized control using Buddhist idea: kings as spiritual agents bringing subjects into Buddhist realm
Buddhist monasteries were allies of the Tang; in return for assistance, received tax exemptions, land, gifts
Mahayana Buddhism was most important school of Buddhism in Central & East Asia: beliefs were flexible, encouraged adaptation of local deities, & encouraged the translation of Buddhist texts into local languages
Buddhism spread through Central & East Asia through trade routes that converged on the Tang capital: Chang’an

9. To Chang’an by Land & Sea
The destination of ambassadors from other states who were sent to China under the tributary system.
Very large city of over a million residents mostly outside walls
Due to high number of traders & ambassadors, it was a cosmopolitan city

10. Upheavals and Repression, 750-879
Tang Empire broke the power of Buddhist monasteries & Confucian ideology was reasserted
Buddhism was undermining family system & eroding tax base by tax-free land, attracting thousands to become monks & nuns
Buddhism used to legitimize women’s participation in politics. Best example was Wu Zhao: took control of government, made herself Empress with support of Buddhism
Buddhism was repressed, Confucians created critical portraits of Wu Zhao & other influential women in Chinese history. Crackdown on Buddhism also brought destruction of Buddhist cultural artifacts, monasteries

11. End of the Tang Empire,
As its territory expanded & faced internal rebellions, the Tang dynasty relied on (UH-OH!) powerful provincial military governors to maintain peace. In 907, the Tang state ended, & regional military governors established their own kingdoms!
None of these smaller kingdoms were able to integrate territory on the scale of the Tang.

12. The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200
The Liao & Jin Challenge
After Tang fell, new states emerged in their territory: the Liao, the Jin, & the Chinese Song
Liao had a strong military & forced Song to give them cash & silk in return for peace
Song helped the Jurchens of northeast Asia defeat the Liao
Jurchens established their own Jin Empire, turned on Song, & drove them out of north & central China in 1127

14. Song Industries
During the Song period, China made technological innovations, many based on information brought to China from West Asia during the Tang era. Innovations had to do with mathematics, astronomy, & calendar making!
Shipbuilding: Song introduced the sternpost rudder, watertight bulkheads, & a seafaring compass. These were later adopted in the Persian Gulf (Indian Ocean Trade!)
Song also had a standing, professionally trained, paid military. Mined Iron & Coal were strategic resources for Song military. Song produced large amounts of high-grade iron & even Steel! for weapons, armor, & defensive works. The Song also developed & used gunpowder weapons.

15. Economy & Society in Song China
Song society was dominated by civilian officials
Song thinkers developed sophisticated Neo-Confucian(?) philosophy – (absorbed some Buddhism)
Certain Buddhist sects, particularly Chan (Zen) continued to be popular
Civil Service examination system broke domination of the hereditary aristocracy by allowing men chosen for government service on basis of merit. Who scored best though?
With invention of moveable type, Song was able to mass-produce authorized preparation texts for examination-takers
China’s population rose to 100 million. Population & economic growth led to large, crowded, well-managed cities like Hangzhou

16. The introduction of government-issued paper money caused inflation, & was later withdrawn
Tax collection was privatized(?), a new merchant elite thrived in the cities, their wealth derived from trade rather than land
Women’s status declined! during the Song period
Women were entirely subordinated to men & lost their rights to own & manage property; remarriage was forbidden
Painfully bound feet became a mandatory status symbol for elite women (OUCH!)
Working-class women & women from non-Han peoples of southern China did not bind their feet & had more independence than elite Han Chinese women did

18. New Kingdoms in East Asia
Chinese Influences
Korea, Japan, & Vietnam were rice-cultivating economies whose labor fit well with Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, & discipline
They all adopted aspects of Chinese culture, but political ideologies remained different
None of them used the Chinese civil service examination system, although they did value literacy in Chinese & read the Chinese classics

19. Korea
Horse breeding, hereditary elites & shamanism were common in Korea before Chinese interaction (Qin reports)
Korean hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism & Buddhism from China & passed them along to Japan
The several small Korean kingdoms were united first by Silla in 668, then by Koryo in the early 900s
Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s, & later invented moveable type, which it passed on to Song China!

20. Japan Mountainous terrain was home to hundreds of small states
Unification from Korea established government at Yamato
Mid-7th century rulers implemented reforms to establish a centralized government, legal code, national histories, architecture, & city planning based on the model of Tang China
A constitution that influenced Japanese political thought for centuries was developed in 604 by Suiko, the longest ruling Emperor of Japan ( ) until the 19th century… oh yeah, she was a WOMAN!
During the Heian period (794–1185), the Fujiwara clan dominated Japanese government. This period is known for aesthetic refinement of aristocracy & the elevation of civil officials above warriors
By late 1000s, some warrior clans became wealthy & powerful.
Kamakura Shogunate, warrior clan controlled Japan in late 1000’s

21. Vietnam
Geographic proximity & irrigated Rice agriculture made Vietnam suitable for integration with southern China
Economic & cultural assimilation took place during Tang & Song dynasties
Southern Vietnam: kingdom of Champa influenced by Malay, Indian, & Chinese culture
Dai Viet was established, Champa interacted with Song State, exported fast-maturing Champa Rice to China (2x crops)
East Asian countries shared common Confucian interest in hierarchy, but status of women varied from country to country
DING! DING! DING!

22. Conclusion
Tang Empire: travel, trade, & communication influenced Japan
Diversity produced great wealth & new ideas, but rival groups weakened political structure
Song China’s spread of Tang technology resulted in privatization of commerce, progress in technology & industry, increased productivity in agriculture, & study of ideas relating to time, cosmology, & mathematics
Avoiding Tang’s distortion of trade relations & inhibition of innovation & competition, Song economy showed great productivity
Buddhism preferred religion in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, but esteem for Confucian thought created Chinese influences in all 3 regions
Japan retained greater political independence from China than did Korea & Vietnam but its political system was ultimately based on a warrior aristocracy