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The Italian City-States and the New Monarchs

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1 The Italian City-States and the New Monarchs

2 The Italian City-States and the New Moncarchs
Why did the Renaissance begin in northern Italy? “Geography is destiny!”

3 The Italian City-States and the New Moncarchs
Why did the Renaissance begin in northern Italy? Northern Italian cities witnessed the birth of the commercial revolution: Trade/money lending Banking Capitalism

4 Social Structure of Italian City-States
Grandi Land holding nobles Popolo grasso Professionals and guild leaders

5 Social Structure of Italian City-States
Middle Burgher Guild craftsmen Popolo minuto Lower classes excluded from guilds, civic participation

6 Political development of City-States
12th century Communes: Larger cities won independence from local lords Became self governing communes of free men Run by guilds

7 Political development of City-States
Oligarchy: Grandi (local nobles) and popolo grassi (wealthy merchant families) combined to create new ruling class Set up property requirements for citizenship Excluded popolo minuto

8 Political development of City-States
Republics: Popolo minuto rebelled, grabbed power in some cities Oligarches hired condottieri to regain political control Signori: Rule by one man

9 Five Major Italian Renaissance Powers
Republics Venice Florence Medici banking family Principality of Milan After Visconti, ruled by the Sforza condottieri

10 Five Major Italian Renaissance Powers
Papal States Temporal power in the hands of the popes Kingdom of Naples Did not experience the same type of cultural rebirth as the north

11 Disunity in Italy Balance of Power
Established in the Peace of Lodi 1454 Establishment of modern diplomacy with ambassadors and embassies

12 Disunity in Italy Disunity
City state patriotism and constant competition for power Prevented political centralization

13 Decline of the City-States
Decline sparked by the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 Why? 1494, Peace of Lodi fell apart, Italy returned to constant warfare Lack of unity in Italy allowed new nation-states to take advantage

14 Hapsburg-Valois Wars Invited by Milan, France invaded under Charles VII Ferdinand of Aragon created League of Venice Spain vs. France Involvement of the papacy in temporal affairs Borgias: Alexander VI Pope Julius II, “Warrior Pope”

15 Hapsburg-Valois Wars Charles I of Spain elected Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) in 1519 Italy became a battleground as France, Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor vied for dominance

16 End of the High Renaissance
1527 Sack of Rome by Charles V

17 Rise of the New Monarchs
What was it? Transition from feudalism to unified nation-states Process: Subjugation of the nobility and the Church Rise of nationalism Growing importance of towns in society

18 Rise of the New Monarchs

19 Characteristics of New Monarchies
Taxes, wars, and laws Local >>>>National Process of Centralization: Proto-bureaucracy of local officials loyal to and paid by the state New state officials were composed of the new middle class

20 Characteristics of New Monarchies
Irrelevance of representative assemblies Use of professional standing armies State control of religion

21 Spanish Unification Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469
Centralization: Stopped violence among the nobles-hermandad Royal council of “middle class” advisors right to appoint bishops in Spain and the Empire

22 Spanish Unification Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469
1478 Establishment of the Inquisition Used as a political tool for unification Conversos suspect due to “race” and not beliefs 1492 expel Jews from Spain

23 French Monarchs Charles VII Permanent royal army
Tax on salt (gabelle)and land(taille) Middle class influence in bureaucracy Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges allowed French crown control over appointments of clergy superiority of a general council over the papacy

24 French Monarchs Louis XI the “Spider King” Treacherous
Fostered industry, taxed it, used funds to build up the army Conquered Burgundy Acquired counties of Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence Concordat of Bologna Right to appoint French bishops and abbots

25 English Monarchs Edward IV Ended War of the Roses Henry VII
Establishes law and order at the local level following civil war, War of the Roses Center of royal authority was the royal council at the national level

26 English Monarchs Henry VII Ruled largely without Parliament
Parliament was the arena where nobility exerted its power revenue controlled by Parliament

27 English Monarchs Henry VII Advisors from lower-level gentry origins
Court of Star Chamber used against nobility Violated common law

28 Rise of the New Monarchs

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