1. Gene Regulation
Chapter 13 Notes

2. Bacteria 10 times as many human cells ~10 Trillion Good (Probiotics)
Lactobacillus
E.coli
Streptomyces
Bad(Disease causing)
Salmonella
Listeriosis
Images(top to bottom) e.coli, lactobacillus, Listeriosis, streptomyces
Lactobacillus- probiotics yogurt
Streptomyces- make antibiotics
e. coli- digestion
Salmonella: pultry and eggs
e. Coli: contaminated items from feces sick death from dehydration
Listeriosis: unpasteurized milk and shell fish

3. Lactose and Tryptophan
Lac operon : Lactose
Milk, ice-cream, butter etc..
trp operon : Tryptophan
Nuts, seeds,red meat…
Transcription Factor: is a protein that controls the rate of transcription
Regulatory gene: a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes
Regulatory sequence: a segment involved in controlling the expression of genes

4. OPERONS
PROG
Promoter: is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
Repressor: binding protein that inhibits the expression genes by binding to the operator
Operator: a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression
Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or substance

5. TRANSCRIPTION
RNA Polymerase: Builds the RNA strand (mRNA/pre mRNA)

6. lac OPERONS
RNA POLYMERASE
REPRESSOR
PROMOTER
OPERATOR

7. trp OPERON
RNA POLYMERASE
REPRESSOR
PROMOTER
OPERATOR

8. Eukaryotes No operons: Promoter, Gene, and Enhancer
Use transcription factors

10. Mutations
Point Mutations: a single nucleotide base substitution, insertion, or deletion of the genetic material
Ex. Substitution
Frameshift: insertions or deletions

11. Chocolate Chip Cookies
Ingredients
1 stick of butter
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 cup brown sugar
2 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

12. Chocolate Chip Cookies
Ingredients
1 stiqk of butter
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 cup brown sugar
2 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

13. Chocolate Chip Cookies
Ingredients
1 stick of butter
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 cup brown sugar
2 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

14. Chocolate Chip Cookies
Ingredients
1 stick of butter
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 cup brown sugar
12 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

15. Causes Spontaneous: Random changes in the strand
Induced: caused by outside factors
Carcinogens, radiation etc

16. X- Inactivation Lyonization (Mary Lyons)
In females only one x chromosome is active out of the 2

17. TRANSLATION