1. Bell Ringer: Complete SRQ 9.4 #3
Learning Target: I can describe the general characteristics of kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Bell Ringer: Complete SRQ 9.4 #3
A cladogram is a diagram showing groups of related individuals. It is used to show the proposed evolution of species according to molecular analysis.

2. Learning Target: I can describe the general characteristics of kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Bell Ringer: Are harmful bacteria more or less of a problem then they were 200 years ago? Explain.

4. Kingdoms Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and The Viruses
Microbiology Part I
Kingdoms Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria,
and
The Viruses

5. Characteristics of Bacteria
Microscopic – 1000 times smaller than most human cells
Thrive in places where no other organism is known to exist.
Procaryotic
Lack organized nuclei
Lack membrane bound organelles

6. Characteristics of Bacteria
Pathogenic and non-pathogenic
Primary decomposer organisms in soil and water
Along with fungi
Pathogenic – disease causing
Most are not pathogenic

7. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archae- “ancient”
Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans
Some of their genes resemble eubacteria and eukaryotic cells
Live in extreme environments

8. Thermoacidophies Live in and around
Highly acidic soils
Hot springs
Hydrothermal vents on ocean floor
Use hydrogen sulfide for respiration.

9. Methanogens Live in anaerobic environments.
Swamps
Sewage
Intestines of some animals
Use H2 and CO2 for respiration
Produce methane gas

10. Halophiles Live in environments with extremely high salt concentration
Use salt for respiration
Are able to spoil salted meats

12. Kingdom Eubacteria
Larger classification of bacteria

13. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Have essentially the same structure as bacteria except they lack flagella
Most are colonial, forming filaments
All contain chlorophyll a and carry on photosynthesis
filaments (long, thin strands of cells)
Certain cyanobacteria affect the taste or odor of water; others may produce poisons.

14. Bacterial Shapes and Colonies
Coccus – spherical
Bacillus – rod shaped
Spirillum – spiral shaped
Strep – chain
Staph – groups or clusters

15. coccus
pl cocci
bacillus
spirillum

17. Kingdom Eubacteria 2 of 11»
Clockwise from upper left corner: Lactobacillus - found in intestines, produces vitamin K, lactase, and antimicrobials (probiotics in yogurt); Streptococcus – members of this group cause strep throat, meningitis, and scarlet fever, and the holes in Swiss cheese;
Bacillus – Members of this group are antibiotics, antifungals, and insecticides. This group also contains Bacillus antraces (anthrax);
Salmonella – passed in undercooked meat and raw eggs, causes food poisoning;
Acetobacter (center) - makes vinegar (acetic acid);

18. Bacterial Cell Structure

19. Cell Walls and Capsules
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Lacks cellulose
Contains peptidoglycans
found only in bacteria
Gives cell wall rigidity
Gram’s stain
Capsule – made of gummy, complex carbohydrates
Gram’s stain – method used to test bacteria for peptidoglycans
Capsule protects the cell from environment
The thickness of the capsule affects an organism’s ability to combat infection by that bacteria.

20. Cytoplasmic Structures
Procaryotic
DNA forms a double stranded, circular chromosome
Appears in a non-membrane-bound nuclear area.
Plasmids – smaller circular DNA chromosomes
Not found in all bacteria
Not essential for survival
Mesosomes – twisted indentations of the plasma membrane with various enzymes attached to them.
Ribosomes
Mesosomes - The enzymes are used in various processes such as photosynthesis and respiration.

21. Locomotive Structures
Flagella
Vibrations caused by Brownian movement
Flagella - lack the microtubule arrangement of those in eucaryotic cells.
Vibrations caused by Brownian movement of water molecules.

23. Uses of Bacteria

24. Uses of Bacteria
Genetically engineered bacteria is a source of insulin, HGH, blood proteins, and other protein products.

25. Learning Target: I can describe bacterial reproduction and growth.
Bell Ringer: Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

26. Bacterial Reproduction
Bacterial growth is limited by the environment.
Bacteria reproduce by simple cell division that does not involve mitosis.
Binary fission
Despite their rapid rate of reproduction, bacterial growth is limited by the environment.
Mitosis – division of nucleus

28. Transfer of Genetic Material
Conjugation – DNA passes from one cell to the next.
Pilus – conjugation tube
Transformation – living cells take up the DNA of other bacteria
Not sexual reproduction – no gametes or zygote formed
Conjugation is not a mutual exchange

29. Transfer of Genetic Material
Transduction – transfer of genetic material by means of a virus
Bacteriophage
May come from another bacterium or the virus itself

30. Bacterial Nutrition Autotrophs Heterotrophs Photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic
Heterotrophs
Parasitic
Saprophytic

31. Autotrophs Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic
Photosynthetic bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll, which is purple, red, or brown instead of green
Chemosynthetic bacteria use energy obtained from inorganic molecules to synthesize sugar.
These pigments allow photosynthesis in darker areas.
These bacteria obtain hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide instead of water.
Oxygen is usually not a product.

32. Heterotrophs Parasitic bacteria feed on a living host
Obligate parasites
Saprophytic bacteria feed on dead organic matter
Most bacteria are heterotrophic
Obligate parasites require the presence of living tissue in order to grow.
Some of the enzymes secreted to digest external substances are important in the manufacture of cheese and other products.

33. Conditions of Bacterial Growth
Moisture – all bacteria require moisture
Temperature pH
Nutrition

34. Conditions of Bacterial Growth
Bacteria are highly specific regarding the environment in which they can grow and multiply.

35. Bacteria in Unfavorable Conditions
Reduce metabolism
Form endospores
Bacteria may decrease activities, reducing their metabolism.
Endospores are formed within the plasma membrane, developing several layers of hard materials around the nuclear area.

36. Bacteria and Oxygen
Obligate anaerobes – grow only without the presence of free oxygen
Obligate aerobes – grow only with free oxygen
Facultative anaerobes – can grow as either anaerobes or aerobes

37. Controlling Bacteria in Foods
Destroy bacteria
Retard bacterial growth
Destroy the bacteria present and seal the food in a container which does not permit the entrance of new bacteria.
Place the food in an environment that will prohibit or retard bacterial growth.

39. Pathogenic Bacteria Rickettsiea Intracellular parasites
Usually cause fevers, rashes, and blotches under the skin
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus

40. Pathogenic Bacteria Spirochetes Larger, corkscrew shaped
Some are non-pathogenic
Lack flagella
Lyme disease, yaws, infectious jaundice, syphilis, relapsing fever

41. Pathogenic Bacteria Mycoplasmas
Lack a cell wall and can assume many shapes