1. The Great War, 1914–1918
Marching Toward War - Rising Tensions in Europe
The Rise of Nationalism
• Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s, but problems lie below surface
• Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations for _____________________,
_________________________, and __________________________
France was bitter over the loss of __________________________________ to Germany
Austria-Hungary and Russia both tried to dominate the ______________________
• Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups (Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc…) to
demand independence
Imperialism and Militarism
• Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations
• Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race
• Militarism—policy of glorifying military power & preparing the army for war
A large and powerful standing army made citizens feel patriotic

3. Tangled Alliances Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
SECTION 1
Tangled Alliances
Bismarck Forges Early Pacts
• Between Otto von Bismarck freely used _____________________ to unify Germany
In 1871 Bismarck declares Germany to be a “______________________________.”
Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after _______________
• He believes _______________________ wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco- Prussian War
• Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances:
- signs treaty with __________________ in 1881
- forms ____________________________ —
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882
Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
• Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in 1888
• Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of _________________________
- alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with _____________________
- effort to strengthen German ____________ alarms Britain
• Britain, France, Russia form _________________________ alliance in 1907

4. Crisis in the Balkans A Restless Region A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
SECTION 1
Crisis in the Balkans
A Restless Region
• Long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes cause the Balkans to be
known as the “_____________________________” of Europe
Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s
• New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs wants to absorb all Slavs on the
_______________________________________ – Russia supports Serbia
• _______________________________________ annexes Slavic region Bosnia and
Herzegovina (1908)
• Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands
A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
• The _______________________________ – a secret society committed to ridding
Bosnia of Austrian rule
Serbian rebel (member of the Black Hand) assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) and his wife in June 1914
• Austria waits _________________________ to issue Serbia an ultimatum – Serbia
wants to negotiate some of the demands
Austria declares war on Serbia; ______________________ comes to aid of Serbia

5. Europe Plunges into War
SECTION 2
Europe Plunges into War
The Great War Begins
Armies on the March
• ________________________ moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany
• ________________________ declares war on Russia and quickly attacks France
• _______________________________ declares war on Germany
Nations Take Sides
• By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe:
- _______________________________ — Germany, Austria-Hungary (Bulgaria &
Ottoman Empire)
- ________________________ — Britain, France, Russia (Japan, Italy, USA)

6. A Bloody Stalemate The Conflict Grinds Along
SECTION 2
A Bloody Stalemate
The Conflict Grinds Along
• Western Front — heavy battle zone in northern France – stretches for ________ miles
• Schlieffen Plan — German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia to avoid a
_______________________________
• German army quickly advances to outskirts of _________________
September 5, the Allies regroup and counterattack at the valley of the Marne River
__________ taxicabs were used to bring reinforcements from Paris to the front lines
• _________________________ are forced to retreat at the First Battle of the Marne
• Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany now has to fight two-front war

7. A Bloody Stalemate War in the Trenches
SECTION 2
A Bloody Stalemate
War in the Trenches
• Conflict descends into _______________________________ — armies fighting from
miles of parallel trenches
• Battles result in many deaths, ________________________________________
• Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary (mud, rats, no fresh food, no sleep)
Space between trenches called “______________________________________”
• New weapons only lead to more deaths – ______________________, ____________,
_____________________________, _____________________________
• Massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun and Somme
Verdun (February) = 300,000 casualties for each side – Germans advance 4 miles
Somme (July-Nov.) = 500,000 casualties for each side – British advance 5 miles

8. The Battle on the Eastern Front
SECTION 2
The Battle on the Eastern Front
Early Fighting
• Eastern Front—site of main fighting along the ____________________________ border
• Russians push into Austria and Germany, but they are forced to retreat
Germans defeat Russians at the Battle of __________________________
Russia Struggles
• Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; lack of _______________________________
= shortage of food and supplies
Supply lines by ___________ were cut-off by Germans and Ottomans
• Russians suffer staggering losses from fighting and __________________
Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable
force - prevents __________________________ from sending more troops to the Western Front

9. A Global Conflict War Affects the World The Gallipoli Campaign
SECTION 3
A Global Conflict
War Affects the World
The Gallipoli Campaign
• Allies move to capture the
_______________________________
in February 1915
• Hope to defeat Ottoman Empire, a
Central Powers ally
• Also want to open a supply line through
region to ________________________
• Effort ends in costly Allied defeat –
____________________ casualties
Battles in Africa and Asia
• Allies take control of German holdings
in _______________ & _____________
• ________________ and ____________
use their colonial subjects to help in
war effort

10. America Joins the Fight
SECTION 3
continued War Affects the World
America Joins the Fight
• Germany seeks to control ______________________
Ocean to stop supplies to Britain
• Uses _______________________________________
- ships near Britain sunk without warning
• Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of ______________
angers U.S.
• Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to
starve ____________________ quickly
______________________________ note – telegram
from Germany to Mexico promising to help them
“reconquer” lost territory to the US if Mexico would
ally itself with Germany
• Renewal of sub policy and effort to enlist Mexico
angers U.S. who already felt strong ties to
____________________________
• U.S. declares war against Germany in April 1917,
joining Allies
An anti-German (Hun) World War I poster.

11. War Affects the Home Front
SECTION 3
War Affects the Home Front
Governments Wage Total War
• World War I becomes total war — nations devote all ______________________ to war
• Governments take control of _________________________ to produce war goods
• Nations turn to ________________________ — limiting purchases of war-related goods
Governments ________________________ anti-war activity and _________________
news about the war
• ________________________ — one-sided information to build morale, support for war
Women and the War
• At home, thousands of women fill _______________ previously held by men
• Many women also experience the war by working as ____________________
Women left the workforce after the war, but perceptions of what women were
capable of doing ___________________________

12. The Allies Win the War Russia Withdraws The Central Powers Collapse
SECTION 3
The Allies Win the War
Russia Withdraws
• Civil unrest in Russia forces _____________ to step down from throne in 1917
• Communists, led by ___________________________________, soon take control of
Russia’s government
By 1917 nearly _______ million Russians had been killed, wounded, or taken prisoner
• Russia signs _____________________________________________ with Germany in
March 1918, and pulls out of the war
The Central Powers Collapse
• With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to _______________________________
Germans quickly move to within _________ miles of Paris
• 2nd Battle of the Marne – Allies are reinforced with ____________________ US troops,
Germans are forced to retreat
• With _____ million more US troops the Allies march toward Germany
Bulgaria and Ottoman Turks surrender, revolution swept through Austria-Hungary
Kaiser steps down and Germany declares itself a ___________________
Allies win war; ___________________ — end of fighting — signed in November 1918,
in a railway car near Paris

13. The Legacy of the War A High Price
SECTION 3
The Legacy of the War
A High Price
• War takes heavy toll: _______ million soldiers dead, _______ million wounded
Starvation, disease and slaughter kills countless civilians; _____ million die from the flu
• War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries ($__________ billion)
• Many acres of land and homes, villages, towns destroyed
• Survivors suffer disillusionment and despair; reflected in the arts

14. A Flawed Peace - The Allies Meet and Debate
SECTION 4
A Flawed Peace - The Allies Meet and Debate
Key Leaders Come Together
• _______ countries attend peace talks at Versailles
Group of leaders known as the _______________ dominate peace talks:
- _________________ prsident Woodrow Wilson
- ________________ ruler Georges Clemenceau
- David Lloyd George of ____________________
- Vittorio Orlando of ____________________
__________________ was not invited to the talks
Neither was ______________ or the other Central Powers
Wilson’s Plan for Peace
• Wilson proposes _____________________________ — outline for lasting world peace
• Calls for _________________________, freedom of the _______________, an end to
_______________________________, and an end to ___________________________
• Promotes _____________________________ — right of people to govern own nation
• __________ point envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes

15. SECTION 4
continued The Allies Meet and Debate
The Versailles Treaty
• Britain, France oppose Wilson’s ideas; they want to ____________________ Germany
• Allies, Germany sign accord, ___________________________________, in June 1919
- creates ___________________________ — international organization to keep peace
- forces Germany to pay ____________________________ (damages) to the Allies,
restricts Germany’s military size, Germany loses substantial territory
- Article 231 – the “__________________________” clause lays sole responsibility
for the war on Germany
- League to rule German colonies until deemed ready for independence

16. A Troubled Treaty The Creation of New Nations
SECTION 4
A Troubled Treaty
The Creation of New Nations
• Versailles treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe
• Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all _____________________________
Austria, Hungary, __________________________, ____________________________
are new independent nations
• Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates
Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan come under _____________________________
Syria and Lebanon went to _________________________
• New countries created in southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land
Romania and Poland gain ____________________ territory
____________________, _____________________, __________________, Lithuania
become independent states

17. A Peace Built on Quicksand
SECTION 4
continued A Troubled Treaty
A Peace Built on Quicksand
• Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of __________________________ on both sides
• _______________________ people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war
• _______________________ never signs Treaty of Versailles
- many Americans oppose League of Nations and involvement with _______________
• Some former colonies express anger over not winning independence
• _______________ & _____________ criticize agreement; gain less land than they want