1. Review 1st Midterm Linguist LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin
Prendre le temps de me presenter

2. Table of Content Here is what will be on the exam:
Fields of linguistics (in class + handout)
Language: The Nature of Communication
(chap. 1, Rowe & Levine)
Human Communication
Language and Grammar
International Phonetic Alphabet
Morphology
(chap. 4, Rowe & Levine)

3. What you should know: Derivation: Def: Morphology Morphemes:
Free, bound morphemes
Analysing Word Structure
Root, affix
Base
Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes, circumfix
Derivation:
English derivational affixes
Constraints in derivation
Trees
MORPHOLOGY
(chap. 4, Rowe & Levine)

4. MORPHOLOGY (continued)
What you should know:
Inflection:
Inflection in English
Inflection vs. Derivation
Compounding:
Properties of compounds
 Other Morphological Phenomenon:
Processes: Compounding, Conversion, Clipping, Blending, Back-formation, Acronyms, Onomatopoeia, Eponyms & Trade names, Derivation, Other word formation processes
MORPHOLOGY (continued)
(chap. 4, O’Grady)

5. Trees – Word Structure Draw tree. a) b)
Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)

6. Trees – Word Structure
Draw trees. c)
Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)

7. Morphology Invent a word using this root : WORSHIP
by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are no constrains to the combination).
And then adding a suffix.
Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have just created.
What are the lexical categories of these words?

8. Communication Who/what can communicate?
What does one (human or non human) need to be able to communicate?
What is language?
Do animals have language abilities?

9. Communication
Communication is a behaviour, or the transmission of information, that affects the behaviour of others.
When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment.
The message is placed into a code.
Humans have a highly elaborate code called language.
Retour sur la notion de « communication »

10. LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION
What you should know:
How humans are made to speak
What is language
Linguistic competence vs. performance
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to language
Grammar:
Generality, parity, universality, mutability, inaccessibility
LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION
(chap. 1, O’Grady)

11. Things you should know …
What is language?
Definiti0n: language, languages and speech
Linguistic competence vs. performance

12. Language, Languages and Speech
FRENCH
ENGLISH
“Language”
Language/ability
The innate ability to learn and produce language/code.
Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans).
“Langue”
Language/code
A code or system, used by consensus.
Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.).
Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language)
“Parole”
Speech
The individual act of speaking
(Concrete use of the language/code).
Ex: “Please stop the bus!”
Individual.

13. Communication Process (Jakobson)
Topic of reference
Context
Information
Sender
Message
Receiver
Channel
Air
Code
Languages: English, French, etc.

14. Dialects
Dialect:
A regional or social variety of a language characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties.
We will use the term « Variety » in this class instead of speaking of dialects.
What comes to mind when I say “dialect”?

15. Pidgin
Pidgin:
A variety that emerges when speakers of a different language are brought together in a stable situation requiring intergroup communication; it has no native speakers and generally is considered to have a reduced grammatical system.
Ex: Blood Diamond (Leonardo Dicaprio)
West African Pidgin English, also called Guinea Coast Creole English, was the lingua franca, or language of commerce, spoken along the West African coast during the period of the Atlantic slave trade. British slave merchants and local African traders developed this language in the coastal areas in order to facilitate their commercial exchanges, but it quickly spread up the river systems into the West African interior because of its value as a trade language among Africans of different tribes. Later in its history, this useful trading language was adopted as a native language by new communities of Africans and mixed-race people living in coastal slave trading bases like James Island, Bunce Island, Elmina Castle, Cape Coast Castle, and Anomabu. At that point, it became a creole language.
Some scholars call this language "West African Pidgin English" to emphasize its role as a lingua franca pidgin used for trading. Others call it "Guinea Coast Creole English" to emphasize its role as a creole native language spoken in and around the coastal slave castles and slave trading centers by people permanently based there.

16. Creole
Creole:
A variety that arises as the native language of the children of members of a pidgin speech community.
Examples:

17. Descriptive or Prescriptive?
Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes », « you goes » and « all the people goes »).
It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t have nothing).

18. Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes ...
Generality:
Parity:
Universality:
Mutability:
Inaccessibility:
All languages have a grammar
All grammars are equal
Grammars are alike in basic ways
Grammars change over time
Grammatical knowledge is subconscious

19. What you should know: Linguistics
Fields of linguistics (handout and in class)
Descriptive linguistics
Applied linguistics
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
(handout and Powerpoint)

20. Fields of Linguistics THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS Phonology Morphology
Syntax 
Semantics 
Pragmatics
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
Sociolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
Neurolinguistics
Computational linguistics

21. PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction
What you should know:
Sounds of English
Consonants, vowels & glides
IPA symbols general
Consonants
PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction
(Handout and Powerpoint)

22. IPA Consonants Examples

23. IPA Vowels (examples)

24. IPA Vowels (Diphthongs)

25. IPA Glides (examples)

26. Phonetic Practice
Read these words phonetically and write them out using conventional English spelling.
[mit]
[ ʃuz]
[skul]
[mju zɪk]
Fill in the missing symbols.
Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ]
Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ]
English = [ɪ_ _ _ ɪ_]
Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]

27. Have a nice day. God bless you
Have a nice day! God bless you! “Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen.” (Jud 1:24-25 )