1. Carcinogenic Metals
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification
Group 1: Confirmed human carcinogens
As, Be, Cd, Cr(VI), Ni
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Co

2. A model summarizing the major mechanisms involved in Cd carcinogenesis

3. Categories of Genes Induced by Cd
Immediate early response genes (IEGs)
Stress response genes
Transcription factors
Translation factors
Miscellaneous genes

4. Some of the genes induced by cadmium
Translational Genes
Translation initiation factor 3
Translation elongation factor 1δ
Transcription Factors
MTF1
USF
NFκB
Nrf2

5. FAS-initiated apoptotic cascade

6. Proposed pathways for ROS in Cd toxicology and carcinogenesis following acute and chronic exposures

7. Structure of residues 19 – 44 of β-Catenin phosphorylated on Ser 33 and 37
Oncogenic mutations in codon 33:
TCT → TAT Ser → Tyr
TCT → TTT Ser → Phe

8. Role of β-catenin in Wnt signaling pathway
Proteasome: protein complex that degrades tagged proteins
The α-cadherin/β-Catenin complex connects to the actin via α-Catenin and some actin-binding proteins, forming a rigid cytoskeleton. When cells are exposed to Wnt signal, cell surface receptors are activated and block β-Catenin phosphorylation and its subsequent ubiquitination. β-Catenin is thus diverted from the proteasome, and it accumulates and enters the nucleus, where it finds a partner of the TCF/LEF family. Together, they activate new gene expression programs.

9. Chromium uptake, intracellular chemistry and damage

10. Chromium-DNA Adducts

11. Pathways leading to observation of single-strand DNA breaks (SSB) and double-strand DNA breaks (DSB)