1. THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION AND DEMOCRATIZATION OF RELIGION 1800-1850
Obj: To determine how & why reform movements arose in response to social and economic change & examine the impact of these movements on American society.

2. A CHANGING SOCIETY 1820 75% LABOR IN AG. / 1850 LESS THAN 65% IN AG
INEQUALITY OF WEALTH
FEW RAGS TO RICHES STORIES, J.J. ASTOR, SUSTAINED POPULAR BELIEF OF RAGS TO RICHES
POVERTY SEEN AS POOR’S FAULT
AGE OF JACKSON SUCCESS WITHIN EVERYONE’S GRASP SO IF YOU’RE NOT MAKING IT, IT’S YOUR OWN FAULT
IMMIGRATION OVERTAXED SYSTEM
FREE BLACKS IN NORTH FACED DISCRIMINATION
FORMED OWN CHURCHES – AME & RICHARD ALLEN: 1ST BISHOP OF AME CHURCH 1816
RELIGION BECAME UNIFYING FORCE FOR MANY DUE TO INSTABILITY OF WORK & CONTINUAL MIGRATION OF FAMILIES
ROLE OF WHIGS & DEMOCRATS

3. THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING in addition to eighteen Presbyterian ministers, Baptist and Methodist preachers also took part in the services which lasted for a week. A temporary village of tents, ‘laid off in regular streets’, was estimated to shelter between 10,000 and 21,000 people””
TOCQUEVILLE – RELIGION A POLITICAL INSTITUTION: RELIGIOUS IMPULSES REINFORCED DEMOCRACY & LIBERTY
POLITICS MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL SO MUST RELIGION
CAMP MEETINGS – 2ND COMING NEAR & TIME TO REPENT
EMOTIONAL OUTLETS
CANE RIDGE, KY 1801

4. EASTERN REVIVALS & THE BURNED OVER DISTRICT 1820’s
FATHER OF MODERN REVIVALISM CHARLES G. FINNEY
DIFFERERD FROM 1ST G.A. BECAUSE REVIVALS NO LONGER WORK OF GOD BUT HUMANS
EMOTIONAL RELEASE THROUGH PERSONAL TESTIMONY
ACTIVE MIDDLE CLASS ALREADY HAS BOUGHT INTO IMPROVING SOCIETY
MOST EFFECTIVE IN SMALL TO MIDSIZED TOWNS
STRONG & ACTIVE CHURCHES DEVELOP

5. NEW EVANGELICAL CALVINISM LYMAN BEECHER
ACKNOWLEDGE SIN & SURRENDER TO GOD
SALVATION AVAILABLE TO ALL
INDIVIDUALS COULD OVER- COME DESIRE TO SIN – TRUE FREEDOM
SERMONS NOT DOCTRINAL BUT ABOUT DAILY LIFE
MADE RELIGION PERTINENT TO INDIVIDUAL’S LIFE
INDIVIDUALISM IN RELIGION JUST AS IN POLITICS

6. OTHER RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS
UNITARIANS – JC LESS THAN FULLY DIVINE
MORMONS
GROWS W/ OWN CHURCHES 19TH C. & IN N.E.
FEW CONVERTS OUTSIDE OF NE
ATTRACTED WEALTHY & THEREFORE INFLUENTIAL
MORAL GOODNESS TOOK TIME & BEHAVIOR SHOULD BE MODELED ON CHRIST’S LIFE NOT EMOTIONAL OUTBURST; CRITICAL OF REVIVALS
AGREE THAT HUMAN BEHAVIOR COULD BE CHANGED
J. SMITH PALMYRA, NY – HOW CAN THEY ALL BE RIGHT?
APPEAL LAY PARTLY IN PUTTING U.S. AT CENTER OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY
ORIGINAL AMERICAN RELIGION
MET W/ HOSTILITY WHEREVER THEY WENT
B. YOUNG TAKES OVER AFTER DEATH OF JOSEPH SMITH
EVENTUALLY SETTLE UTAH TERRITORY 1847

7. UTOPIAN SOCIETIES: THE SHAKERS & ONEIDA COMMUNITY
PART OF THE UTOPIAN SOCIETY MOVEMENT
ANN LEE FOUNDER OF SHAKERS & THRIVED IN BURNED OVER DISTRICT
GENDER EQUALITY & CELIBACY
ONEIDA, NY
FREE LOVE & FLATWARE
UTOPIANS SOUGHT NEW PATH TO SPIRITUAL FULFILLMENT.
ATTACKED ESTABLISHED INSTITUTIONS
OTHER: NEW HARMONY, IN & BROOK FARM (LARGEST) - FAILURES

8. TRANSCENDENTALISM UNIQUELY AMERICAN STARTING IN 1830, CHALLENGE S RATIONALISM & MATERIALISM
MARGARET FULLER – 1ST FEMALE INTELLECTUAL
THOREAU: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE – MEX-AM WAR OPPONENT, JAIL
W. WHITMAN: “I AM LARGER, BETTER THAN I THOUGHT. I DID NOT KNOW I HELD SO MUCH GOODNESS” PERSONIFICATION OF AMERICAN PEOPLE
U.S. COULD PRODUCE AS GREAT LITERATURE & ART AS EUROPE: NATIONAL IDENTITY
EMERSON’S CRITIQUE OF FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW

9. SEPARATE SPHERES - PATRIARCHY – WOMEN’S ROLES

10. WOMEN’S ROLE AND INFLUENCE
CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD – CATHERINE BEECHER, SPIRITUAL HEAD OF THE HOME, EDUCATION TO FIT “NATURAL ROLE”, NO LONGER SUBORDINATE TO HOME
WOMEN TARGETED IN REVIVALS
WOMEN HELD INFLUENCE AT HOME
FINNEY ACTIVELY USED WOMEN: RADICAL AT THE TIME
FORM VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS REPLACED WHAT FAMILY USED TO DO
CREATE BENEVOLENT EMPIRE

11. THE REFORMERS WHITE, MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN GENUINE DESIRE TO HELP
VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS BECAME FORMAL
FEWER CHILDREN; –
MORE LEISURE TIME, $$, NO WORK OUTSIDE HOME
REFORM GAVE THEM OUTLET IN CHANGING SOCIETY
WHIG SUPPORT – GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
LED TO IMMIGRANTS TO VOTE DEMOCRATIC
PERFECTABILITY OF HUMAN’S

12. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HIGH 1820’S
1800 ASSOCIATION B/W ALCOHOL & LIVER DISEASE
AMERICAN TEMP. SOCIETY ’26
NATIONWIDE PARTICIPATION
SUCCESS? INDEED, CONSUMPTION DECLINED
IMMIGRANTS OPPOSED

13. AMERICAN ANTI SLAVERY SOCIETY 1833
ABOLITION MOVEMENT: “WITHOUT STRUGGLE THERE IS NO PROGRESS” “I AM IN EARNEST, I WILL NOT EQUIVOCATE, I WILL NOT EXCUSE, I WILL NOT RETREAT A SINGLE INCH AND I WILL BE HEARD”
W.L. GARRISON: RADICAL
THE LIBERATOR 1831
AMERICAN ANTI SLAVERY SOCIETY 1833
2ND GREAT AWAKENING “SLAVERY IS IMMORAL”
TAPPAN BROTHERS; $$$$
FREDERICK DOUGLASS 1838
THE NORTH STAR 1847
H. TUBMAN, RUNAWAY ’49
“MOSES” UNDERGROUND RR

14. WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT OUTGROWTH OF PARTICIPATION IN ABOLITION
CAN’T ADVOCATE FOR SOMEONE ELSE’S FREEDOM IF YOU DON’T HAVE ANY
WLG SUPPORTED FULL EQUALITY FOR WOMEN – ANOTHER REASON ABOLITION MOVEMENT WILL SPLIT
WORLD ANTI-SLAVERY CONVENTION LONDON 1840
DEBATE OVER AMERICAN DELEGATION
RETURNED HOME & FORMED OWN MOVEMENT
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION 1848 & DECLARATION & SENTIMENTS OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN – ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

15. EDUCATION SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS
H. MANN 1837 SEC. ED. MASS.
SOCIETY RESPONSIBLE
FREE & PUBLIC, TAXES
COMPULSORY, STANDARDIZED
MCGUFFEY READERS, BELLS, PREP FOR FACTORY JOBS
NORTH, PROTESTANT FLAVOR, TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY
POOR, IMMIGRANTS, FARMERS OPPOSED
SOUTHERN ED FOR WHITES WITH MONEY, PRIVATE TUTORS
GALLAUDET 1817
PERKINS INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND 1832
PHILADELPHIA SYSTEM, SOLITARY
AUBURN SYSTEM, PENITENTIARIES, FOLD BACK INTO SOCIETY
DOROTHEA DIX: PRISON REFORM, SEPARATE MENTALLY ILL FROM CRIMINALS