1. Chapter 17 Hygiene

2. Hygiene
Hygiene: practices that promote health through personal cleanliness
Activities that foster hygiene
Bathing; cleaning and maintaining fingernails and toenails
Performing oral care
Shampooing and grooming hair
Maintaining hearing aids and eyeglasses

3. Integumentary System Components
Skin
Mucous membrane
Hair
Fingernails, toenails
Teeth

4. Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

5. Cross-Section of the Skin

6. Mucous Membrane
Line body passages such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
Mucous membrane also lines the conjunctiva of the eye
Goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete mucus, a slimy substance that keeps the membranes soft and moist

7. Hair
Made up of keratin
Forms from cells at the base of a single follicle
Helps to prevent heat loss
Sebaceous glands in the hair follicles release sebum, an oily secretion

8. Nails
Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which in concentrated amounts gives them their tough texture
Normal nails are thin, pink, and smooth
Fingernails and toenails provide some protection to the digits

9. Teeth Present beneath the gums at birth
Contain the outer covering, enamel, a keratin structure
Exposed portion of each tooth: crown
Portion within the gum: root
Adults: 28 to 32 permanent teeth
Saliva: keeps the teeth clean and inhibits bacterial growth

10. Common Dental Problems
Sugar, plaque, and bacteria may eventually erode the tooth enamel, causing caries
Tartar leads to gingivitis while gum inflammation may cause periodontal disease

11. Bathing
Uses a cleansing agent such as soap and water to remove sweat, oil, dirt, and microorganisms from the skin
Advantages of bathing
Eliminates body odor; reduces the potential for infection
Stimulates circulation; provides a refreshed and relaxed feeling; improves self-image

12. Types of Bathing
Partial bathing
Bed bath
Towel bath
Bag bath

13. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Partial bathing is most common in young adults.

14. Answer
False.
Partial bathing is most common in older clients.

15. Advantages of Bed Bath

16. Giving a Towel Bath

17. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Towel bath is very expensive.

18. Answer
False.
Towel bath saves expense.

19. Shaving Removes unwanted body hair
Accomplished with an electric or a safety razor
The use of safety razor may not be possible in the following situations:
If the client has a face injury
If the client cannot shave

20. Shaving a Client’s Face

21. Oral Hygiene Brushing and flossing the teeth
Dentures and bridges require special cleaning and care
Oral hygiene in unconscious clients
Prevents aspiration of oral hygiene products and water

22. Advantages of Electric Toothbrushes

23. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Dentures are best washed with hot water.

24. Answer
False.
Dentures are best washed with cold or tepid water.

25. Hair Care Apply a conditioner to loosen tangles
Use oil on the hair if it is dry
Braid the hair to help prevent tangles
Brush the hair slowly to increase circulation of sebum
Use a wide-toothed comb, combing from end to crown
Use shampoo to clean hair

26. Nail Care Keeping the fingernails and toenails clean and trimmed
Nail care should be provided with extreme caution for the following clients:
Clients with diabetes
Clients with impaired circulation
Client with thick nails

27. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Applying alcohol to tangled hair helps remove the tangles.

28. Answer
True.
Applying alcohol to tangled hair helps remove the tangles.

29. Visual and Hearing Devices
Eyeglasses and hearing aids improve communication and socialization
Eyeglasses
Contact lenses
Artificial eyes
Hearing aids
Infrared listening devices

30. Types of Contact Lenses

31. Examples of Hearing Aids
In the ear
Behind the ear
Remote controlled
(Refer to Figure in the textbook.)

32. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Infrared listening devices (IRLDs) are used by clients with hearing impairment to hear sounds outdoors.

33. Answer
False.
IRLDs cannot be used outdoors or in rooms that contain many windows or in well-lit rooms.

34. General Gerontologic Considerations
Poor hygiene and grooming in older adults: signs of visual impairments, functional changes, dementia, depression, abuse, or neglect
Older adults do not need to bathe as frequently as younger adults
Use mild, superfatted, nonperfumed soap
Oils are not used in showers or bathtubs due to increased risk for falls

35. General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
For older adults with limited range of motion or mobility, provide:
Long-handled bath sponges or hand-held shower attachments
Nonskid strips on the floor of bathtubs
Showers with strategically placed handles and grab bars; a tub/shower seat

36. General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
Due to increased susceptibility to dry skin, tears and scratches:
Avoid skin care products containing alcohol, perfumes that aggravate dry skin
Nails: keep trimmed and smooth
Feet: regularly inspect condition
Modify clothing to promote independence
Tooth loss: periodontal disease

37. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Older adults need to bathe frequently because they perspire a lot.

38. Answer
False.
Older adults do not need to bathe frequently because they have diminished perspiration and sebum production.