1. The Nervous System
Part 1

2. Bell Work 2-20-18 Look up these terms in red book: Neuron Dendrites
Axon
Myelin Sheaths
Neurotransmitters
*Get colors or markers for lecture*

3. Standard
Outline the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems. Review the gross anatomy of the other systems studied in previous courses.

4. Objective Learn the anatomy of a neuron
Understand the process of impulses needed to move muscle fibers

5. Nervous System

6. Bell Work Answers
Neuron: basic structural unit of nervous system. Nerve cell
Dendrites: carry impulses to a cell body and single nerve fiber (axons)
Axon: carries impulses away from cell body and have a lipid covering called a myelin sheath.
Myelin Sheath: increase rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains axon.
Axon terminals: release neurotransmitters.

7. Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers (more than 100)
Allow impulses to pass from one neuron to another.
Stimulate muscle fibers
Wide and profound effect on emotion, cognition, and behavior. 
Examples: Dopamine, Endorphins, Serotonin

8. More on Neurotransmitters
Agonists are drugs that mimic the actions of neurotransmitters, whereas antagonists are drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters.
Example: Heroin is an opioid agonist. It binds to opioid receptors that control pleasure and pain, the result being a feeling of euphoria
Narcan (Naloxone): Opioid antagonist. Reverses effects of Heroin or opioid addictions.

9. New Area of Focus: The Nervous System
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

10. Everything we have learned so far, and everything you will ever learn takes place in the nervous system.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

11. The nervous system receives and then sends out information about your body.
It also monitors and responds to changes in your environment.
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12. Your brain receives vast amounts of information all of the time.
We will close our eyes for a second and rely on other messages your brain receives.
For the next thirty seconds be absolutely silent and be ready to report what you…
Feel
Hear
Smell
Taste
Dream
Think
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13. Who thought about keeping their heartbeat going?
Who thought about blinking?
Who thought about moving food through their intestine (peristalsis).
Who thought about regulating hormones?
Who thought about breathing normal?
Who thought about their blood pressure?
Who thought about regulating their bodies temperature?
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14. While you’re using your nervous system for all of your senses…
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15. While you’re using your nervous system for all of your senses…
It’s working double controlling all of the things in your body to keep you living?
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16. Activity Stimulus!
Very slowly move your finger until it touches your eyelash.
A reflex action will cause your eye to blink.

17. The messages that are constantly traveling through your body are carried by the neuron or nerve cells.

18. Neuron: A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses.
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19. Neuron: A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses.
Electrical and chemical signaling. .
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20. Electrical signal: Changes + and – charges from one end of a neuron to another.
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21. Electrical signal: Changes + and – charges from one end of a neuron to another.
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22. Chemical signal: Chemicals allow signals to go from one neuron to another by “jumping the gap (synapse)”.
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23. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

24. Chemical
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25. Chemical
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26. Electrical
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27. Chemical
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28. Chemical
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29. Electrical
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30. Chemical
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31. Chemical
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32. Chemical
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33. Chemical
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34. Chemical
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35. Drawing a nerve cell / neuron step by step drawing in journal.
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36. Electrical Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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37. Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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38. Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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39. Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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40. Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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41. Cell Body Axon terminals Myelin sheaths Axon Dendrites
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42. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
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43. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
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44. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

45. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

46. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

47. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

48. 1 mm to over 1 meter in length
Cell Body
Axon terminals
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
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49. F orm F ollows F unction Another Axon Cell Body Axon terminals
Neurotransmitters sent to receptors F
ollows
Myelin sheaths
Axon
Dendrites F
unction
1 mm to over 1 meter in length
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50. Fingers are dendrites
Hand is cell body
Arm is axon

51. There are three types of neurons.
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
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52. Interneuron: Transmits impulses between other neurons
Interneuron: Transmits impulses between other neurons. (Brain and Spinal Column)
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53. Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord.
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54. Sensory neuron: Conducts impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord.
touch
odor
taste
sound
vision
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55. Motor Neurons: Pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.
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56. Bell Work
What is the basic structural unit of nervous system – known as the Nerve cell?
What is a chemical messenger in the neuron that stimulates muscle fibers to pass impulses to neurons?
What increases the rate of impulse transmission, and insulates and maintains axons?
What type of neuron is needed to communicate senses?
What type of neuron is needed to pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland?

57. Standard
Outline the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems. Review the gross anatomy of the other systems studied in previous courses.

58. Objectives
Understand job of receptor and effector cells Understand difference between CNS and PNS Understand importance of Cerebral Spinal Fluid Review:

59. Receptors: Cells that receive messages from your surroundings.
Receptor Cell  Interneurons  Brain  Interneurons  Effector Cell.
Effectors: Cell that gets stimulated by a neuron (Muscle cell)
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60. Activity! The connectivity of the brain (Interneurons).
The brain is an amazing organ that makes many connections with other cells.
Let’s understand this power with a little exercise with twenty brain cells.
An average brain may have billion cells.
Make ten dots on each side of your page
(Please be organized and space them out so they match)
Draw line from the cell (dot on the right) to all of the dots (cells) on the left.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

75. Neurons in the Brain

76. Neurons in the Brain
Neurons, Synapsis, Memories, and learn more at…
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77. Peripheral Nervous System: Network of nerves throughout body.
The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord  Control center of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System: Network of nerves throughout body.
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78. Nervous System
CNS: brain and the spinal cord serve the nervous system's command station
PNS: contains the nerves, which leave the brain and the spinal cord and travel to certain areas of the body.

79. CNS and PNS Work Together
PNS sends information gathered by the body's sensory receptors to the CNS as quickly as possible.
Once the CNS has understood the information, the PNS will relay the specific orders back out the body.

80. PNS
Cranial nerves: carry information in a way of nerve impulses to and from the brain (12)
Spinal nerves: carry impulse to and are carrying information from the spine (31)

81. More on Cranial Nerves

82. PNS Division
Motor division: collects the outgoing messages from the CNS and delivers them to the appropriate body organs, telling them what to do.
Sensory division: collects the impulses from the sensory receptors in areas like skin, muscles, and organs, and also carries those impulses through the nerves to the CNS.

83. All of the messages that are constantly being sent in your body are interpreted in the central nervous system.
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84. The Brain: An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.
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85. F orm F ollows F unction The brain is well protected by the skull.
The brain is also covered in three layers of connective tissue which nourish and protect. F
orm F
ollows F
unction
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86. Skull Thick outer layer that comes in contact with the skull.
Watery layer cushions brain
Inner layer clings to the surface of the brain.
Skull
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87. Activity. Build a Neuron and label the following
Activity! Build a Neuron and label the following. Use playdough or construction paper.
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals.
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88. Bell Work
What are the two main divisions of the Nervous system?
What system includes the brain and spinal cord?
What cell gets triggered by a neuron to contract muscles?
What division of the PNS collects the outgoing messages from the CNS and delivers them to the appropriate body organs, telling them what to do?

89. PNS Division
Motor division: collects the outgoing messages from the CNS and delivers them to the appropriate body organs, telling them what to do.
Sensory division: collects the impulses from the sensory receptors in areas like skin, muscles, and organs, and also carries those impulses through the nerves to the CNS.

90. Standard
Outline the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems. Review the gross anatomy of the other systems studied in previous courses.

91. Objective Autonomic and parasympathetic nervous system
Understand components of brain
Right versus Left Brain

92. Nervous system

93. Somatic Nervous System
Carries messages between the CNS and the body
Sensory neurons from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the CNS
Motor neurons (impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

94. Autonomic Nervous System
Contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Systems maintain homeostasis
Sympathetic (fight or flight) increase HR, Respiration, BP and slows digestion
Parasympathetic decreases HR, Respiration, BP and increases digestion

96. Components of Brain
Cerebrum: Large part of brain containing two hemispheres
Corpus Collosum: nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres
Cerebellum: located at the back of the brain. Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements

97. Components of Brain
Medulla: helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation.
Thalmus: relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

98. Components of Brain
Spinal Cord: 1. relay messages from the brain to different parts of the body 2. coordinates reflexes

99. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Collosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

100. Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex
Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions.

101. Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex
Thalmus: Lobed mass of grey matter buried under the cerebral cortex. It is involved in sensory perception and regulation of motor functions.
Also controls sleep and awake consciousness.

102. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

103. Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.
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104. Corpus Callosum: Thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.
Allows communication between both hemispheres.
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105. Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere.
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106. Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere.
Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere.
Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere.
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107. Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere.
Visual information that we see on the left gets processed by the right hemisphere.
Information on the right gets processed by the left hemisphere.
The neurons are "crossed"
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

108. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

109. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Controls motor movement, coordination, balance.
Thalmus
Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

110. Activity! Messing with the cerebellum.
Teacher places a piece of tape on the floor for several meters.
Students try of walk the line looking through the wrong end of binoculars.
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111. Step by step drawing of the brain.
Do not make brain a whole page as you will need to put text around it.
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116. Cerebrum

117. Cerebrum

118. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum

119. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Thalmus

120. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Thalmus

121. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Thalmus

122. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus

123. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla

124. Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
Spinal Cord

125. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
Spinal Cord

126. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Thalmus
Medulla
Spinal Cord

127. Folds and wrinkles help increase surface area
Cerebrum
Learning, Intelligence, emotions, personality, Judgment, and all voluntary activities of your body.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebellum
Controls motor movement, coordination, balance.
Thalmus
Medulla connects brain to spinal column and controls all involuntary activities.
Medulla
Spinal Cord
33 Vertebrae bones protect the spinal cord that carries impulses to and from body.

132. Big Picture-

133. Big Picture-

134. Are you more right, left, or both?
Big Picture-
Are you more right, left, or both?

135. Are you more right, left, or both?
Big Picture-
Are you more right, left, or both?
Which side do you
get graded on the most?

137. “What’s the matter?”

138. “I’m a right brained student stuck in a left brain dominated school.”

139. “I’m left brained so I don’t really get you right now
“I’m left brained so I don’t really get you right now.” “We should stick to the schedule and get back to class.”

142. Get Ready

144. Do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise on the next slide?
If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain.
If counterclockwise, then you use more of the left side of your brain.
I apologize that this image is risqué.
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148. Right Brain

149. Left Brain
Right Brain

150. Activity! Take a left or right brain test.
Go to my Web site and click on Link
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151. Note how final spinal column is flexible. 31 segments and 33 bones
7 cervical vertebrae.
12 thoracic.
5 lumbar.
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
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157. The curves of your spine are important because they allow the spine to support more weight than if it were straight.

158. The curves of your spine are important because they allow the spine to support more weight than if it were straight.
Also allows for compression.

168. Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord but are not
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169. Your vertebrae protect your spinal cord but are not indes t r u c t i b l e.
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170. Image of cracked spinal column and severed spinal cord.

171. Paralysis: Inability to move or function; total stoppage or severe impairment of activity

172. Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
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173. Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).

174. Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

175. Again! Please wear your seatbelt.
Besides possibly saving you from TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).
It can also possibly save you from serious and life altering spinal cord injury.
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176. Video Link! Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Injury.
Learn more about spinal cord injuries at…

177. Vocabulary
Page 168 Red Book