1. Ischemic Pre-Conditioning and Athletic Performance
Hirofumi Tanaka, Ph.D.
Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology & Health Education
The University of Texas at Austin

2. Athletes and Competitive Advantage

3. Ergogenic Aids Oxygen Inhalation Compression Sleeves Nasal Strip
Eye Black

4. Ischemic Preconditioning
↑ Endothelial function
↑ Resistance to hypoxic injury
↑ Ischemic tolerance ↑

5. Olympic Marathon 270 yard 0.7 mile Gold 2:06:32 Silver 2:07:16 0.5%
Bronze 2:10:00
0.5%
2.7%

6. Usain Bolt in Beijing Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2.0%
2.3%

7. Treatment Effects and Measurement Variabilities

8. Different Perspective

9. Ischemic Preconditioning and VO2max
Young healthy well-trained subjects
De Groot et al. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010

10. Ischemic Preconditioning and VO2max
56.8±6.8
58.4±6.2
↑3%
De Groot et al. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010

11. Ischemic Preconditioning and Endurance
Young healthy trained men
RIP:
Ischemic preconditioning at rest
EIP:
Ischemic preconditioning after 5-min exercise
(larger metabolic load)
Crisafulli et al. J Appl Physiol. 2011

12. Ischemic Preconditioning and VO2max
Crisafulli et al. J Appl Physiol. 2011

13. Ischemic Preconditioning and 5 km Running Trial
⬆2.5%
Young healthy trained men
4 x 5-min 220 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion
22.6±2.4 min
22.0±1.9 min
Bailey et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012

14. Ischemic Preconditioning and VO2max
VO2max (ml/kg/min)
Bailey et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012

15. Ischemic Preconditioning and 100m Swimming Performance
Canadian national-level swimmers (13-27 years)
IPC, min warm-up, time trial
⬆0.7 sec or 1%
66.98±21.28
66.28±21.08
Jean-St-Michel et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011

16. Michael Phelps vs. Milorad Cavic in 100m Butterfly
Gold
Silver
0.02% -
8th
2.5%

17. Michael Phelps -18 Olympic Gold Medals-

18. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
pedal as quickly as possible till they reach a speed of 150 RPM
frictional resistance equivalent to 9% body weight dropped in the form of this weight basket.

19. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test
Peak power output
Peak power is the maximum power usually occurring within the first few seconds of the test.
Average power is the average of all power measures throughout the thirty seconds.
Average power output
(anaerobic capacity)
Fatigue Index = (Peak - End)
Peak

20. Experimental Protocol
Rest
Wingate Tests
Remote IPC 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40 55
57.5 60
62.5 65
Time (min)

21. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test

22. Peak Power Output *
improved peak power output by 4% in the first wingate trial

23. Average Power Output †

24. Fatigue Index

25. Conclusions
Ischemic preconditioning appears to be an effective ergogenic aid to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic athletic performance.
The effects of ischemic preconditioning on maximal aerobic fitness remain controversial.
The application of ischemic preconditioning to athletes is a promising area that requires more investigations.

27. Ischemic Preconditioning and 5km Running Trial
Bailey et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012

28. RIPC on Infarction Size in Mouse Hearts
Infarct size is expressed as a % of area at risk.
The black bar - mice perfused with dialysate from control subjects (n = 4).
The white bar - mice perfused with dialysate from elite swimmers (n = 9).
Jean-St-Michel et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011

29. Ischemic Preconditioning on Phosphagens
Pasdois et al. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012