1. History of Geography Began to assist with navigation
2300 BC (Babylonians) – oldest surviving maps
Eratosthenes – 1st person to use the term “geography”

2. Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography
Spatial Tradition (also called Locational Tradition)
Spatial analysis
Boundaries and densities
Movement and transportation
Quantitative techniques and tools, such as computerized mapping and Geographic Information Systems
Central Place Theory
Areal distribution
Spatial patterns
mapping

3. Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography
Area Studies Tradition (also called Regional Tradition)
Description of regions or areas
World regional geography
International trends and relationships
How regions are different from one another
The chorographic tradition (regions)

4. Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography
Man-Land Tradition (also called Human-Environmental, Human-Land, or Culture-Environment Tradition)
Human impact on nature
Impact of nature on humans
Natural hazards
Perception of environment
Environmentalism
Cultural, political, and population geography

5. Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography
Earth Science Tradition
Physical geography
The lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere
Earth-sun interaction
Offshoots are geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, geomorphology, and meteorology
The study of the earth as the home to humans

6. Site Factors – a place’s physical factors
Climate
Vegetation
Soil
Landforms
Natural Disasters

7. 1 Climate Factors that affect climate - Latitude Elevation Rainfall
Ocean Currents

8. Koppen’s system – 5 climate zones
Tropical
Dry
Warm Mid-latitude
Cold Mid – latitude
Polar

9. Know your Latitude Zones*
Additional info:
High Latitude
(Polar Zone)
66.50 N – 900 N
Axis, 23.50
Mid-Latitude
(Temperate Zone)
23.50 – N
Tropic of Cancer, N
Low Latitude
(Tropical Zone)
00 – N/S
Equator, 00
Tropic of Capricorn, S
mirror each other in terms of latitude
are opposites in terms of seasons
Northern & Southern Hemispheres
Mid-Latitude
(Temperate Zone)
23.50 – S
High Latitude
(Polar Zone)
66.50 S – 900 S
900 S
* Zones = Regions

10. Know your Latitude Zones*
High Latitude
(Polar Zone)
66.50 N – 900 N
Axis, 23.50
Additional info:
Varied vegetation to Desert poles, taiga to shrubs, lichen, little variation b/w seasons.
Transition area b/w tropic and polar regions, 4 seasons, wide variety of temperatures, animals & plant species. More rain near equator; less rain near poles.
Mid-Latitude
(Temperate Zone)
23.50 – N
450 N
Tropic of Cancer, N
Daily rainfall (up to ~100” annually. Lush vegetation and tropical forests. Large number of plants and animal species. Monsoons.
Low Latitude
(Tropical Zone)
00 – N/S
Equator, 00
Tropic of Capricorn, S
mirror each other in terms of latitude
are opposites in terms of seasons
Northern & Southern Hemispheres
Mid-Latitude
(Temperate Zone)
23.50 – S
Transition area b/w tropic and polar regions, 4 seasons, wide variety of temperatures, animals & plant species. More rain near equator; less rain near poles.
450 S
High Latitude
(Polar Zone)
66.50 S – 900 S
Varied vegetation to Desert poles, taiga to shrubs, lichen, little variation b/w seasons.
900 S
* Zones = Regions

11. Agricultural Products
APPLICATION -
This will give deeper understanding of latitude and show that you understand the basic concepts. For more practice, get a map of the world and explore places you are interested in, check climate & vegetation and determine latitude zone.
STEP 1: Look up the following absolute locations, list the city/country, and determine it’s latitude zone (HL, ML, or LL)
STEP 2: Go to and open ECONOMY section and scroll to AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS. List the products. Make observations.
Absolute Location
City, Country
HL, ML, LL
40,7° N, 74° W
New York, USA ML
6.1° S, 106.8° E
Jakarta. Indonesia LL
22.9° S, 43.1° W
Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
51.5° N, 0.12° W
London. UK
37.8° S, 144.9° E
Melbourne. Australia
70.6° N, 23.6° E
Hammerfest, Norway HL
8.9° N, 38.7° E
Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
35.6° N, 139.6° E
Tokyo. Japan
31.7° N, 35.2° E
Jerusalem. Israel
21.3° N, 39.8° E
Mecca. Saudi Arabia
Agricultural Products
Hay, soy, wheat, apples, berries, cabbage, corn, beef, pork, poultry, dairy & forest products
rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal and spices
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish
wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry
barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish
cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish
vegetables, rice, fish, poultry, fruit, dairy products, pork, beef, flowers, potatoes/taros/yams, sugar cane,
citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products
wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk

12. Agricultural Products
APPLICATION -
This will give deeper understanding of latitude and show that you understand the basic concepts. For more practice, get a map of the world and explore places you are interested in, check climate & vegetation and determine latitude zone.
STEP 1: Look up the following absolute locations, list the city/country, and determine it’s latitude zone (HL, ML, or LL)
STEP 2: Go to and open ECONOMY section and scroll to AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS. List the products. Make observations.
Absolute Location
City, Country
HL, ML, LL
40,7° N, 74° W
New York, USA ML
6.1° S, 106.8° E
Jakarta. Indonesia LL
22.9° S, 43.1° W
Rio de Janeiro. Brazil
51.5° N, 0.12° W
London. UK
37.8° S, 144.9° E
Melbourne. Australia
70.6° N, 23.6° E
Hammerfest, Norway HL
8.9° N, 38.7° E
Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
35.6° N, 139.6° E
Tokyo. Japan
31.7° N, 35.2° E
Jerusalem. Israel
21.3° N, 39.8° E
Mecca. Saudi Arabia
Agricultural Products
Hay, soy, wheat, apples, berries, cabbage, corn, beef, pork, poultry, dairy & forest products
rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish
wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry
barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish
cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish
vegetables, rice, fish, poultry, fruit, dairy products, pork, beef, flowers, potatoes/taros/yams, sugar cane, tea, legumes, wheat and barley
citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products
wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk

13. 2. Vegetation
Determines what natural resources are available or lacking

14. 3. Soil
Determines farming practices

15. 4. Landforms
Geomorphology – study of the earth’s landforms

16. Population Distribution
Economic Choices
People prefer flat land – Agriculture
Avoid the 5 Too’s – too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too high

17. 5. Natural Disasters