2. 76th UNECE GRPE session PMP IWG Progress Report
Geneva, 10th -11th January 2018
UNITED NATIONS

3. PMP meetings in 2017 2017-01-11: PMP 42nd (GRPE Geneva summary)
/16: PMP 43rd
: PMP 44th (telco)
/8 PMP 45th
NEXT F-2-F MEETING: 16th – 17th May 2018 (Location: JRC Ispra)

4. EXHAUST PARTICLE EMISSIONS

5. Main open points Round Robin Sub-23nm Raw exhaust sampling
Round Robin PNC (Particle Number Counter)
Horizon 2020 projects
Particle emissions from gas engines
WLTP low temperature PN testing

6. Main open points
Development of a sub23nm (cut-off size: 10 nm) particle number measurement procedure based on the existing PMP methodology conveniently adapted.
Main purpose: Monitoring particle emissions of new engine/after- treatment technologies.
Assessment of the repeatability/reproducibility of the proposed particle counting methodology by means of a “round robin”.

7. Investigation of sub23nm protocol
Two systems with CS and 10nm CPC to circulate
Each lab PMP system plus a 10nm CPC (to circulate)
One golden vehicle (Opel Astra GDI – no GPF)
The PMP group would have preferred 6d technology for the golden vehicle, this was not available in the program timing and will need investigation later in 2018 when it becomes available
Different labs will test different engine technologies

8. RR measurement equipment
LabPMP
VPR
CPC, 23 nm
APC, CS
(AVL)
CPC, 10 nm
SPCS,
(HORIBA)
AM10
TSI10
CPC,
23 nm
TSI23
(TSI, 3791)
CVS
PUMP
Provided
By PMP RR

9. Details about the upcoming RR
Measurements will be conducted between 11/ / Japan
6 laboratories within EU, 1 in Switzerland and 1 in Japan
Laboratory
Month
Lab1
November
Lab2
December
Lab3
January
Lab4
February
Lab5
March
JRC
Lab7
April

10. Details about the upcoming RR
JRC and two other labs (last on Dec 2017) have conducted the measurements
Still in schedule
Laboratory
Month
JRC
September
Lab1
November
Lab2
December
Lab3
January
Lab4
February
Lab5
March
Lab7
April

11. Logistics The transported RR equipment package comprises:
Three (3-4) pallets and the vehicle
About 650 kg kg
Fuel will be transported separately to each lab
Each lab transports the package to the following lab
Each lab covers the transportation costs
Each lab should inform JRC about the
Condition of the RR equipment at arrival

12. Test protocol
Tests are aimed to be conducted within 3 measurement days
3 cold WLTCs and 5 hot WLTCs
cold start WLTCs
1 steady speed test
The test results are used for
Evaluating PN10 measurement possibilities with existing LabPMP
Gathering PN23/PM10 data for vehicles
Compare results between the laboratories
The steady speeds are included in the protocol to
Compare sub23nm fractions from the steady points at different labs.
Stability or setup differences can be better understood

13. About steady speed test
Example speed/gear - compinations
Selected stable
periods
The steady speed test protocol
Warm up the engine to oil temperature above 80 °C.
When the oil temperature is reached, start WLTC cycle
Always change to following speed- gear combination 10 s before phase ends
Measurements will be conducted between 11/ / Japan
6 laboratories within EU, 1 in Switzerland and 1 in Japan
WLTC
Phase
Speed (km/h)
Gear 1
100 4 2
120 5 3 50

14. About WLTC tests Normalization of LabPMP PN23 and PN10 Lab. comparison
PN23/ PN23 (%)
Example
Visualizations
Normalization
of LabPMP
PN10/ PN10 (%)
PN23 and PN10 Lab. comparison

15. About WLTC tests
Example
Visualizations

16. PN Counting from Raw Exhaust via Fixed Dilution
Interest in this approach confirmed by some engine manufacturers and some instrument manufacturers
01 Series of amendments to Reg. 132 already includes such possibility but the procedure is not defined
First analysis of potential benefits/issues presented during the last meetings
Correlation with other methods (CVS and partial flow system) and advantages/disadvantages to be checked – Additional data required

17. Raw exhaust (tailpipe) sampling
Preliminary results generated by the JRC show 20% differences
Input from others is necessary
Theoretical investigation of uncertainty
Data presented by the industry during the 43rd meeting confirming good correlation
A well designed experimental programme is needed to address open points – availability of engine and test bench?

18. PNC Calibration Round Robin
Confirm that the k factor can be included in the final counting efficiencies
Investigate the possibility/impacts regarding changing the calibration material
Investigate the possibility to calibrate at 10 nm
Main results presented in the 43rd PMP meeting
Draft final report finished - Circulated among participants for comments on 22nd of October
Final version: End of January
Teleconference (beginning of February?) to agree the next steps

19. HORIZON 2020 projects
The group is monitoring the progress of the three projects funded by EU under the H2020 scheme
DownToTen
PEMS4nano
SUREAL-23
These projects have the objective of investigating sub23 nm emissions and to develop new test procedures to measure these particles
Representative of the consortia provide regular updates to PMP group – Presentations available on the PMP website

20. WP2: Sampling setup for testing in the synthetic aerosol laboratory (1)
A setup was designed to maximize the penetration of non-volatile particles below 23 nm, while avoiding the creation of gaseous artefacts
Important factors like robustness against artefacts (re-nucleation, growth of sub-cut particles), losses of (solid) particles, storage/release effects of gas phase compounds are being assessed in detail
45th PMP Meeting, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, November 7-8, 2017

21. Next steps in the project
More engine exhaust aerosol tests for the system (dilute and raw)
Functional pressure/temperature/dilution evaluations in laboratory
Construct several DTT systems for partners to enable more parallel testing at the later stages of the project
For certain identified vehicle technologies: dedicated campaign(s) for characterization of chemical composition, semi-volatile particle emissions, secondary aerosol formation…
Investigate possible <23nm sampling artefacts in CVS-diluted and raw exhaust
Targeting towards PN-PEMS demonstrator, RDE capable measurement system
Implementation and verification of modal approach for homogeneous aerosol Particle Dynamics
Coupling of implemented Particle Dynamics model with CFD code
45th PMP Meeting, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, November 7-8, 2017

22. SUREAL-23

23. Gas engine testing
SwRI gave a presentation in the 45th PMP meeting with the results of a very interesting experimental campaign comparing a TWC equipped CNG and a SCR/DPF equipped diesel engines
Main conclusions:
CNG engine produced 2-8 times higher PN emissions
CNG engine produced 5-10 times higher sub25 nm particles and ash
Some results from JRC confirm these results.
Further investigation on light duty and heavy duty required during 2018, including if possible in the sub-23nm RR

24. Low Temperature testing
Testing is done since >10 years
Input is necessary on experimental setup / difficulties encountered or topics to be investigated
No specific question received so far

25. NON-EXHAUST PARTICLE EMISSIONS

26. NON-EXHAUST PARTICLE EMISSIONS
Steps for Building a Common Method for Measuring Brake Wear Particles
Giorgio Martini, Barouch Giechaskiel and Theodoros Grigoratos
European Commission, Joint Research Center, Sustainable Transport Unit
76th UNECE GRPE Session – Geneva (CH) –

27. STEP 1 - DEVELOPMENT OF A BRAKING TEST CYCLE
WLTP Database Analysis and Presentation of basic statistics related to braking conditions (Concluded)
Comparison of WLTP data with Existing Industrial Cycles (Concluded)
Creation of a dedicated Task Force – TF1 to accelerate the work (Work Currently on-going)

28. BRAKING TEST CYCLE – CURRENT STATUS
Development of a new (WLTP based) and backup (LACT based) cycle (Concluded)
FORD has developed the WLTP based profile in collaboration with Mr. Heinz Steven. The profile is being validated by FORD both on-road and on the dyno
A short LACT based schedule has been developed in the framework of the H LOWBRASYS Project and will serve as a back-up cycle

29. BRAKING TEST CYCLE – CURRENT STATUS
Validation of the cycles (repeatability assessment between dyno and real-world) and Round robin (reproducibility assessment on different dynos) (Initial deadline: March – April 2018)
A round robin has been scheduled for the next months with the purpose of validating both braking schedules in terms of temperature. 8 labs will participate and the RR is expected to finish in mid 2018

30. STEP 2 - BRAKE DUST SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT
Comparison of available sampling methodologies and selection of the appropriate one (Concluded)
Rig testing selected - the details of the rig set up are still under discussion with a number of different proposals under evaluation
Creation of a dedicated Task Force – TF2 to accelerate the work (Work Currently on-going)

31. TASK FORCE 2 – On-going Activities
STEP 2 - BRAKE DUST SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT
TASK FORCE 2 – On-going Activities
Comparison of existing systems/test rig configurations (Deadline: January 2018)
Selection/definition of testing parameters (Deadline: March 2018)
Validation of the selected configuration(s) & measurement methodologies (Deadline: To be defined depending on the progress)

32. SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT – DECISIONS MADE
There is a common understanding that both PM10 and PM2.5 as well as PN emissions should be investigated
The TF should try to develop a methodology in order to simulate the real world conditions instead of characterizing the particles at their generation point. We also should be interested in creating comparable and harmonized measurement systems for R&D & scientific purposes

33. SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT – DECISIONS MADE
Challenge: Optimal layout and sampling conditions might be different for mass and PN measurement!
A compromise could be needed

34. Particles from tyre and road wear
Due to the many open questions, the PMP group considered necessary a large and comprehensive study to address them
This was beyond the scope and the possibility of the PMP group
It was decided to continue with an information gathering and knowledge monitoring activity
No dedicated session in the last 3 PMP meetings

35. Particles from tyre and road wear
In the 45th PMP meeting it was decided to dedicate a session to this subject in one of the next f-2-f meeting (either in May or November)
Main purpose: Present an overview of the latest studies available

36. Any questions?