1. Plants Without Seeds
Chapter 8 Section 2

2. Nonvascular Plants Three major groups of nonvascular plants Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts

3. Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
Low-growing
Live in moist environments
Absorb water and other nutrients directly
Watery surroundings enable sperm cells to swim to egg cells

4. Mosses
10,000 species
Green, fuzzy moss is the gametophyte generation of the plant
Rhizods: thin, rootlike structures that anchor the moss and absorb water and nutrients from the soil
The sporophyte generation grows out of the gametophyte
The sporophyte consists of a slender stalk with a capsule at the end
The capsule contains spores

5. A moss Plant

6. Liverworts
8,000 species
Often found growing as a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream

7. Hornworts Fewer than 100 species
Live in moist soil, often mixed in with grass plants

8. Seedless Vascular Plants
Characteristics
Ferns, club mosses and horsetails have true vascular tissue
Do not produce seeds, these plants reproduce by releasing spores
Can grow tall because vascular tissues effectively transport materials
Provide strength and stability
Grow in moist environments
There must be enough water for the sperm to swim to the eggs

9. Ferns Stems of most ferns grow underground Fronds
Fern leaves, divided into many smaller parts that look like small leaves
The cuticle is found on the upper surface of each frond, helps retain plant water
Tiny spore cases are found on the underside of the fronds

11. Horsetails Seedless, vascular plant Stems are jointed
Long, coarse, needle-like branches
Resemble a horse’s tail
Silica
Stem contains a gritty substance also found in sand

12. Club Mosses Seedless, vascular plant Not to be confused with moss
Grow in moist woodlands and near streams