1. Canada in the 20th Century

2. Confederation
In 1867, the Dominion of Canada was created. The provinces of the Dominion of Canada were Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
John A. MacDonald is Canada's first Prime Minister
con·fed·er·a·tion - an organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league

4. Why did these four provinces join Confederation?
Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel Canada’s desire for western settlement. ( The U.S. is coming!)
The End of free trade with the United States Canada needed more independence to deal equally with America and get the best trade deals.
Building the railway– the promise of railways convinced many provinces to join Confederation.
Manifest Destiny was one of the reasons that the settlement of the Canadian West occurred. To understand this one has to first understand what the situation was at that time in history. The Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John A. MacDonald and many other politicians in Canada believed that if the West was not claimed by Canada the Americans would take over it. There were already illegal American traders in what was technically Canadian territory. In fact Macdonnald said that he would not even consider settling the West if it wasn't for the American threat of Manifest Destiny. Read more:

5. The British North American Act (1867)
What is it? The document that created the country of Canada
Divided the powers between the provinces and a national government
Set up the forms of government, gave Canadians a degree of independence from Britain
BUT still very closely tied to Britain
The type of government established was a federal system which gave more power to the national level of government.
Why would Provincial rights be important? The Provinces involved were all very different, and wanted to sustain their unique identity while still being part of Canada’s Provinces were given powers over education and religion. This was particularly important to the province of Quebec

6. 1870
Canada purchases Rupert's Land (made up of Manitoba and North West Territories) from the Hudson’s Bay Company
Metis uprising in Manitoba led by Louis Riel – Riel Rebellion, results in Manitoba Act, brings Manitoba into Confederation and guaranteed rights of language and religion. However, execution of Thomas Scott results in Riel fleeing to the United States.

7. Marching towards the Twentieth Century – Timeline
BC becomes a province – Why? Because of the promise of a Railway
John A . MacDonald envisions a Canada that is connected from east to west (sea to sea) Transcontinental railway started
MacDonald defeated at polls amid cries of scandal over railroad contract. Alexander Mackenzie is first Liberal Prime Minister
PEI becomes a province

8. 1876 - The Native Treaties and the Indian Act
In order to “settle the native question” the Canadian Government signed The Numbered Treaties which gave the natives certain concessions in exchange for taking all their land
The Indian Act of 1876 denied Natives the right to vote, practice religious ceremonies and own property if they identified themselves as Status Natives.
Residential Schools were established in 1890 to assimilate Native Children. Run by churches and/or the government, they stripped the Natives of their language, religion, customs and culture
Assimilation – to become part of the dominant culture.

9. The Rights of the Native Peoples https://www. youtube. com/watch

10. The Rights of the Native Peoples
Gord Downey The Secret Path
The Rights of the Native Peoples

11. 1878
MacDonald was re-elected Prime Minister on the basis of his National Policy which included:
protective tariffs (tax added to American goods)
completion of the railway
Large-scale immigration to the west. Dominion Lands Act– For $10, any adult male can purchase 64 hectares of prairie farm land. They must construct a shelter and live on their land at least six months a year for three years.

12. 1885
The CPR railway is completed but at the expense of 1500 Chinese lives.
Federal government courted Chinese to come to Canada to perform the most dangerous tasks in the construction. Chinese were paid half the wages and continued to be discriminated against after construction was completed.
North West Rebellion, quashed by MacDonald, Riel hung as traitor

13. Marching towards the Twentieth Century – Timeline Con’t
Wilfred Laurier became Canada’s 7th Prime Minister
Seven provinces, population of 5,200,000 most people were farmers, involved in logging fishing, and construction (new cities, sewer systems, railways)

14. Life at the Turn of the 20th Century Urbanization, New Technologies, Education, Discrimination, Mass Culture, Consumerism

15. What was Canada Like? In 1900 Canada only consisted of 7 provinces
The population was 5,200,000
Toronto, Montreal and Halifax were the biggest cities
The West was comprised of small pioneer cities like Winnipeg, Calgary and Vancouver

16. Canada at the Turn of the 20th Century
63% of the population lived in Rural areas
Farming was the main occupation
Logging, Fishing and Construction were also popular jobs
Women worked as teachers, store clerks, in factories or on the farm

17. Community focused life…
Lives were usually centered around family and the local community
There was little entertainment outside the local sports teams and the church
Travel was often limited to a horse and buggy

18. The Political Scene…
The elections of 1896, which made Liberal Wilfrid Laurier prime minister
On October 10, 1911, Sir Robert Borden became the 8th Prime Minister of Canada
He was a Conservative who led Canada into WWI

19. The Economy Construction of railways fuelled the economic boom
Under Laurier large-scale settlement of the West began
The increasing demand for Canadian natural resources was a major reason for Canada's prosperity

20. The Immigration Wave
Development of the West depended on increased immigration
Laurier's government, worked continuously to promote Canadian immigration in both Europe and the United States by advertising “Free Land”
Of the 2 million people who arrived in Canada between , approximately one million moved to the West
New immigrants transformed the ethnic composition of the country

21. The “Last Best West”
Thousands of British Children were being sent to Canada. Many come from orphanages, or were unwanted children of poor parents. Others were just sent away by the authorities without choice of the parents. It was believed that the farms would be a good place for the children to eat well, and learn life skills. Some took the children in and adopted them, but others used it as a cheap source of labor.
They were to be cared for and sent to school through the winter, but many did not see the basic necessities of life. Some were beaten and force to live in barns and stables.

22. The “Last Best West”

23. The “Last Best West”

24. Adjusting to Life on the Prairies

25. Adjusting to Life on the Prairies

26. Urbanization
Immigration also had great effects on industrial centers like Montreal and Toronto
Cities across the country grew rapidly creating more and more jobs
The working and living conditions of the laboring class was often poor
City councils struggled to keep up with the growth i.e. transportation, housing and sanitation

30. Newcomers in the Cities

31. Urbanization con’t…
Slums were created in many cities, with poverty, overcrowding and unsanitary conditions
The Catholic Church saw the drawbacks of city life and felt that cities were “breeding grounds for disease and death”

32. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform

33. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform Nellie McClung
At the turn of the century, women , Native Canadians, immigrants of Asian descent, and other newcomers to Canada, did not have many rights.
None of the above had the right to vote, and there was very little equality.
Before the invention of such things as the washing machine, housework and child rearing consumed much of the average women’s day.
Large families were common, and the risk of death or disability at child birth was high.
Educational expectations were low because most women did not work outside the home after marriage.
Women were banned from professions like law, and they were not eligible for scholarships.

34. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform
Women’s suffrage came to the forefront in the Laurier era.
Women's goal, the right to vote.

35. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform
Suffragist were also known as “maternal feminists” because they believed that female influence could change laws to improve the lives of women and children.
The suffragist movement was a worldwide movement, but Canadian women generally were a bit more peaceful.
The campaign was led by the Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association, which was supported by the National Council of Women of Canada, founded by Lady Aberdeen.

36. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform
The earliest successes for the suffragist movement came on the prairies.
Some believe was a result of the hardships women went through in the west being right beside the men when settling and beginning a homestead.
The west was the first to grant women’s suffrage.

37. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform
Nellie McClung was a well known suffragist.
Campaigned for women’s rights.
Was instrumental in the famous ‘Person's Case’ which saw Canadian women declared persons in 1929.
She helped put on a play called ‘The Women's Parliament,’ a satire which turned the tables and poked fun at the dangers of giving men the right to vote.
This was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in Manitoba first.
Canada had the group know as the “famous five”.
Nellie McClung, Emily Murphy, Henrietta Edwards, Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby.

38. Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform

39. Canadian Life 100 Years Ago

40. The Arrival of the Car
1901, automobiles appeared on the cover of the Eaton's catalogue for the first time.
Within the next few years, automobiles become more affordable, and more were now being seen on Canadian streets.
The profits to be made in the automobile industry were huge.

41. The Arrival of the Car
Not everyone was happy about the coming of the car.
1908, P.E.I. banned the automobile on a claim that they tore up roads, and they frightened children and livestock.
In BC the response was positive.
Soon most Canadians realized that the car was a useful and reliable thing.
1908, Canada opened its first gas station in Vancouver as a result of the popular growth of the use of automobiles.

42. The Arrival of the Car

43. Soaring Through the Air
The use of airplanes in Canada took much longer to catch on than the use of the automobile.
Crashes were frequent, and most pilots did their own repairs and maintenance.
The first successful flight in Canada was in 1909 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. J.A.D. McCurdy was the pilot, and he flew a plane called the Silver Dart 10 meters above the ground for almost a kilometre at 30 km/hr.

44. Soaring Through the Air

45. A Communications Revolution
At the turn of the century, Canada was the world leader in telephone use.
1901 census counted over 300,000 phone lines. This was nearly twice as many per person as the US.

46. A Communications Revolution
1901, Canada received the first wireless telegraph from England on Signal Hill in Newfoundland.
1902, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company was set up in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.
1907, Canadian inventor Frederick Fessenden transmitted the worlds first radio broadcast of music and voice.

48. A Communications Revolution
Superior reception over water increased the use of wireless radio in shipping.
1912, the use of radios was increasing with the publicity surrounding the role they played in the sinking of the Titanic on April 15, 1912.
It was around this same time that new moving picture shows were coming out. The first public screening in Canada was in The viewers paid 10 cents to crowd into a hall in Ottawa to see several one-minute films showing people doing everyday things.

49. Arts and Leisure
As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization, spectator sports and outdoor recreation began to grow.
1909, first Grey Cup.
1912, first Calgary Stampede.
People watched Babe Ruth hit his first home run at Hanlan’s Point, Toronto.
The emergence of the automobile also helped with the development of other outdoor activities like hiking and camping.

50. Arts and Leisure

51. Arts and Leisure

52. Arts and Leisure
With the invention of the refrigerated rail car, a wider variety of foods were now available across the country.
Taste in food began to change.
1910, processed foods like Heinz ketchup were common, and 5-cent chocolate bars went on sale.
Soft drinks began to sweep across the nation much like they did in the US.

53. Arts and Leisure
Coca Cola was now being marketed as a soft drink and not a medicine.
John McLaughlin, a Toronto pharmacist, developed Canada Dry Ginger Ale.
It seemed as though Canada was truly coming of age!