1. Chapter 8-3 Tourism Environmental Impacts
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2. Learning Objectives
1. Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of tourism on destination areas.
2. Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result from tourism.
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3. Some Causes of Negative Impacts
Lack of Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity: when level of visitor use is greater than the environment’s capacity to cope with this use
Indifference
Exploitation
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4. Positive Impacts Preservation of Specific ecosystems
Intervention by influential forces into the following activities:
Commercial fishing around reef systems
Logging operations in forests
Excessive clearing & runoffs from agriculture
Investment made into research & conservation programs
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5. Types of Environmental impacts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Types of Environmental impacts
Specific Impacts
Examples
In-depth look at New Zealand
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6. Changes of Land Use Changes in traditional land uses
Agriculture vs. Industry
Loss of open space
Displacement of local residents
Deterioration in community Character
Commodification
Standardization: ie-Mola blouses
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7. Congestion and Air Pollution
Congestion of pedestrians and vehicles with vehicle transmissions (lead and carbon dioxide) causing air pollution
carbon monoxide, pesticides, and aerosol sprays, ozone, oxides of sulfur, etc. Answers.com
United States: 24%
Europe: 15%
China: 14%
Russia: 5.9%
India: 5.1%
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8. Contribution to worldwide environmental problems
Global warming: through aircraft and other transportation emissions
Melting of Ice Caps
Drop in Global Temperature
Effect on migratory pattern of animals
Sea-level rise & Storms
ie; hurricane Andrew in FL 1992 – $26.5 Billion
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9. Deterioration and disturbance of the natural ecology
Damage to land and marine flora and fauna
Fauna: Animals found in specific environment
Flora: Plants found in specific environment
Degradation of habitats on land and in the water
Divers and Coral reefs
Disturbance of Biotic communities
Ie: Pink footed geese and grasslands (2)
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10. Deterioration of important sites
Archeological
Ie: Mediterranean sites (pyramids)
Historical & Architectural
natural sites
Adverse impacts on sites through littering, vandalism, desecration, and souvenir taking
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11. Pollution of Water sources
“In 2005 there were 661 pollution incidents that had a serious impact on water quality. This is 7% less than in 2004 and the lowest number on record (Indicator: Water pollution incidents). The sewage and water industry caused almost a quarter of serious (category 1 and 2) water pollution incidents. Farming and other industry caused 17% and 13%” Source:
Pollution resulting from improper sewage and solid waste disposal
Tourism causes population growth that utilizes and often abuses water sources
Water sources include: Beaches, Rivers & Lakes and Underground water
Sewage major pollutant
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12. Impacts of foot traffic
Loss of vegetation and habitats due to:
Excessive trampling
Permanent changes to man-made monuments & natural features
Sand Dunes
Rocks
Coral Reefs
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13. Visual Clutter
Unsightly developments consisting of poorly designed, intrusive buildings and signs
Ie:The Jewellery Quarter, which has been the centre of world jewellery manufacture for 300 years in the UK
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14. Insufficient utility services capacity
Lack of infrastructure capacity during peak periods for
water supply
Power
Telecommunications
sewage disposal
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15. New Zealand
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16. Effects on Natural Environments
Physical Environment Effects
Air pollution thru exhaust emission & smoke
Private vehicles and tour coaches
Commercial transport (helicopter)
Largely understudied effect because it is less obvious
Global warming
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17. New Zealand Water Pollution human waste + Pathogens
Jet Boat Operations/sightseeing cruises/ferries
Development of toilets close to waterways
Affect Public health
Ie. Back-country waterways contaminated with Giardia
Ie. Inadequate toilet facilities in Dart Hut Mount Asirin National park
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18. Natural Environment (3)
Ecological + geological impact associated with facilities construction
Ski facilities: deforestation & land erosion
Ie: 1987 – European resorts of North and South Tyrol devastated by mudslides
60 deaths – 7000 displacements
Destruction of visual Amenity
Spatial Impact - commercialization
Social impact - Conduct
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19. Ecological Effects Effect on Breeding & feeding patterns
Crowding, noise level, photography
Ie. Taiaroa Head Albatross Colony
Feeding patterns: Animals moving away from original site due to human introduction
Ie. Albatross feeding further away from nests
Disruption of Habitat/Displacement
On sea and land
Boats, divers in coral reef areas, trampers
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20. Ecological Effects 2
Positive and negative effects on Towns and resorts
Human use and environment
Positive
Modernization of environment / increased efficiency of facilities and employment opportunities
Preservation and enhancement of heritage sites. Ie: Larnach Castle
Negative
Destruction of traditional towns.
Lost of Artifacts & relocation of residents
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21. Tourism Impact on Tourists
Decreased Visitor safety
Tourists as targets
Engaging in adventure sports
Ie: Glacier walking at Franz Josef
Codes being implemented
Increased fire risks
Tourist satisfaction affected
Crowding.
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22. Tourism Impact on Tourists 2
Displacement Due to crowding and other factors
Spatial – moving to new sites
Seasonal – coming another period
Product shift – reevaluate worth of area
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23. How to reduce negative environmental impacts
Sustainable Tourism Development
Ecological sustainability
Social and cultural sustainability
Economic sustainability
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24. The End
clap
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