1. Chapter 12 Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Older Adulthood

2. Childhood Energy and nutrient needs during childhood
Energy and protein
Total energy requirements gradually increases
Kilocalories and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy
Vitamins and minerals
Variety of foods needed
Assess iron intake
Need for supplements? 2

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4. Childhood Influences on childhood food habits and intake
Usually temporary
Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits
Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat
External factors
Television
Environment 4

6. Childhood Nutritional Concerns of Childhood Malnutrition and hunger
Food insecure households
Low food security
Federal assistance programs
WIC
National School Lunch
Breakfast and Summer Food Service Programs Summer Food Service 6

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8. Childhood Foods associated with hyperactivity
Nutrition Concerns of Childhood
Food and behavior
Foods associated with hyperactivity 8

9. Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity
16-33% of children and adolescents obese
Overweight children likely to become overweight adults
The Path to Obesity
Most commonly begins between ages 5-6 or during adolescence 9

10. Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity What Causes Obesity?
Genetic, biological, behavioral, and cultural factors
80% chance for children with two obese parents 10

11. Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity Risks and Complications
Increased risk of heart disease
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Breathing problems
Trouble sleeping 11

12. Childhood Childhood and Teenage Obesity Management
Start a weight-management program
Change eating habits
Plan meals and make better selections
Control portions
Increase physical activity
Limit snacking 12

13. Childhood Nutrition and chronic disease
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Screening children with family history of high lipid levels
Lead toxicity
Slow growth
Iron-deficiency anemia
Damage to brain and CNS
Low-iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead absorption 13

14. Childhood Vegetarianism Nutrients to emphasize Calcium Iron Zinc
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D 14

15. Adolescence Adolescent growth spurt Physical growth and development
Boys: begins between 12 and 13 years
Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight
Girls: begins between 10 and 11 years
Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight
Changes in body composition
Changes in emotional maturity 15

16. Adolescence Adolescents Energy and protein
Highest total calories and protein grams per day
Vitamins and minerals
Nutrients of concern
Vitamin A
Calcium
Iron 16

18. Adolescence Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents
Fitness and sports
Provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits
Acne
Investigating the connections between diets and acne
High-glycemic-index foods, fat intake, and fatty acid composition
Eating disorders
Become preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits 18

19. Adolescence Adolescent Obesity Increased risk for
Developing high blood pressure
Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes
Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn
Poor self-esteem
Metabolic syndrome 19

21. Adolescence Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs
Period of experimentation
Alcohol and drug use may take priority over adequate food intake
Teens who use drugs are usually underweight and report poor appetites

22. Staying Young While Growing Older
Age-related changes
Weight and body composition
Add fat; lose lean body mass
Physical activity
Reduced muscle and skeletal strength
Immunity
Decline in defense mechanisms
Taste and smell
Decline in sensitivity
Gastrointestinal changes
Reduced acid secretion; reduced motility 22

24. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Energy
Reduced needs
Decreased activity; decreased lean body mass
Protein
Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults 24

25. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Carbohydrate
More likely to be lactose intolerant
Fat
Maintain moderate low-fat diet
Water
Reduced thirst response 25

26. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Vitamins of concern
Vitamin D
Needed for bone health, calcium balance
Reduced skin synthesis, activation
Higher needs
B vitamins
Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12
Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk 26

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28. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Antioxidants
Found in fruits and vegetables
Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases
May protect against damage to the brain

29. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Minerals of concern
Calcium
Bone health
Reduced ability to absorb calcium
Zinc
Marginal deficiencies likely
May compromise immunity, wound healing
Iron
Elders may have limited intake 29

30. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults
Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions
Can affect use of drugs or nutrients
Possible interactions should be identified and avoided
Depression
May reduce food intake
Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use 30

31. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults
Anorexia of aging
Loss of appetite with illness
Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition
Arthritis
May interfere with food preparation and eating
Dietary changes may improve symptoms 31

32. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults
Bowel and bladder regulation
Increased risk of urinary tract infection
Chronic constipation more common with age
Need for increased fluids and fiber
Dental health
May interfere with eating ability or food choices 32

33. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults
Vision problems
Can affect ability to shop and cook
Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration
Osteoporosis
Common in elders, especially women
Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise 33

34. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults
Alzheimer’s disease
Affects ability to function
Reduced taste and smell
Risk for weight loss and malnutrition 34

35. Meal Management for Mature Adults
Managing independently
Wise eating for one or two
Finding community resources
Services for elders
Meals on Wheels
Elderly Nutrition Program
Food Stamp Program 35