1. Anatomical Terminology
Introductory Concepts:
1) Homeostasis – macro and micro
2) Body terminology

2. Directional Terms Anterior – front, before
Example: The vertebral column is dorsal to the more anterior sternum

3. Directional Terms
Ventral - belly

4. Directional Terms
Cranial - head

5. Directional Terms
Superior – Above (higher level)

6. Directional Terms
Medial – toward the body’s midline

7. Directional Terms
Proximal – toward point of attachment

8. Directional Terms
Superficial – at or near the surface

9. Directional Terms
Posterior – back; behind

10. Directional Terms
Dorsal - back
RIGHT HAND

11. Directional Terms Caudal - tail
Hindlimb conformation faults: caudal view

12. Directional Terms
Inferior – below (lower level)

13. Directional Terms
Lateral – away from midline

14. Directional Terms
Distal – away from point of attachment

15. Directional Terms
Deep – farther from the surface

16. Body Planes and Sections
Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior sections

17. Body Planes and Sections
Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

18. Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sections

19. Section 1

20. Section 2

21. Section 3

22. Section 4

23. Section 5

24. Section 6

25. Section 7

26. Section 8

27. Major Body Cavities
PLEURAL
PERICARDIAL

28. Introductory Anat/physiology test
Body cavities and organs located within the cavity (labeling and matching)
Anatomical terminology – be able to apply it
Overview of organ systems (matching)

29. Introductory Anat/physiology test
Body planes and sections (identify pictures)
Cell parts and functions
Homeostasis
Thirst fill-in blank
Scenario identification of stimulus, receptors, effectors and response
Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis terms and active transport

30. 1) Kidneys detect ↓ blood volume
2) hypothalamus detects ↑ in blood osmolarity
↓ water volume
↑ osmolarity of blood
Dehydration
1) JGA in kidneys
2) Hypothalamus in brain
1) Adrenal gland (on top of kidney) releases aldosterone
2) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released from pituitary gland
1) Kidneys keep water and salts instead of excreting them
2) Kidneys keep water and salivary glands do not salivate (causes dry mouth = thirst)

31. The Cell

32. Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles

33. Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cell Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

34. Animal Cell a Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells c d b a e k f g j i h
Section 7-2
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached) c d b a e k f a g j i h
Animal Cell

35. Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Centrioles

36. Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

37. Divison of Labor
A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a factory or a machine work together to carry out different functions and come up with a product.
Answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?
2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

38. Cell Membrane
Guard station—
lets somethings in
Keeps some things out

39. Cell Wall (plants only)
Wall outside the factory guard gate
Protection and strength

40. mitochondria
Generator
Creates energy for the factory

41. Golgi Apparatus
Packaging, processing
Puts wrapper on the candy bar

42. Nucleus
CEO, central office
Directs the factory
Contains the recipe

43. Nucleolus Machine makers
Place where the assembling machines (ribosomes) are made

44. Ribosomes Assembling machines
Assembles the candy bars, takes them to packaging (golgi)

45. Endoplasmic reticulum
Inner-factory transport
Conveyor belt, transports candybars (proteins)

46. Lysosome
Sanitation crew
Destroys garbage
Cleans out foreign debris

47. Vacuole
Warehouse storage-
Contains all of the surplus materials

48. Chloroplast (plants only)
Solar panels on the factory
Converts sunlight to usable energy for the factory

49. ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL QUESTIONS
Attached to microscope lab

50. Cell Structures and Functions
1. The CELL is the fundamental building block of the body.

51. How are certain cells in your stomach specialized?

52. The _______ is the control center of the cell.
Nucleus

53. How many chromosomes in each human cell?
46 (23 pairs)
You get 23 from mom
and 23 from dad

54. What is the function of chromosomes?
Chromosomes are composed of DNA which directs the cell’s activities.
They are the instructions for the building of all of your body’s proteins.

55. Where are proteins assembled?
Ribosomes (attached or free)

56. Where is RNA manufactured?
nucleolus

57. What structure transports proteins?
Endoplasmic reticulum

58. What is the function of the Golgi body?
To package proteins in a molecular coat so they can be sent out of the cell.

59. Lysosomes contain chemical substances called________.
Enzymes
The enzymes breakdown proteins into amino acids.

60. Ribosomes use the amino acids to build new
Proteins

61. _______ are storage sacs.
Vacuoles
Incoming nutrients are stored in vacuoles before they are broken down by LYSOSOMES.

62. Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to cellular analysis

63. To assemble proteins and perform many other functions the cell uses______.
ENERGY – (ATP)

64. Mitochondria produce ENERGY in the form that the CELL can use.

65. Importance of cell membrane

66. Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to pass freely
Channel proteins – allow dissolved ions (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely
Carrier proteins – change shape to allow large molecules to pass in and out – ex glucose
Pumps – requires energy to work, pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF concentrations and neurons

67. No energy needed Energy needed