1. Mon 12/11: Religion (Unit 3b)
3b Essential Questions:
Where are religions distributed?
Why do religions have different distributions
Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns?
Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups?
H.W.)
Tues: color-coded maps of Arab-Israeli conflict using article on my weebly!
Wed: GR check/ Arab-Israeli conflict quiz (study using new article + Ppoint notes).
Fri: Religion Test

2. 12/11: Ethnic Religions

3. Why Do Universalizing + Ethnic Religions Have Different Distributions?
Limited diffusion of ethnic religions?
more tied to physical environment
universalizing religions usually compete with or intrude on ethnic religions. What is it called when religions fuse?
Examples of syncretism:
Christianity with African ethnic religions
Buddhism with Confucianism in China
Buddhism with Shinto in Japan (Shinto is Japanese animism)
Buddhism is very syncretic**
Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration
Hinduism in Guyana due to Indian diaspora
Judaism due to diaspora

4. Judaism Old religion, but much newer than other ethnic religions.
million adherents (1/3 USA, 1/3 Israel, 1/3 elsewhere)
15% in Europe (90% before WWII)
Origin + diffusion
Abraham’s migration/covenant
According to Jewish tradition, Hebrew patriarch from Fertile Crescent who made 1st original deal (covenant) with monotheistic God.
All Jews, Christians + Muslims are connected to Abraham
Promised land ↔ monotheism (God says, “Follow me only + give up false idols, I will give you + descendants the promised land.”)
Abraham agrees + migrates to Canaan (modern-day Israel)
God tests him: sacrifice son Isaac (testing ppl to see if they are true) + Abraham passes that.
Fast forward ~700 B.C. (post Moses): 10 Jewish tribes (Assyrians) – lost to history. 2 tribes remain (Babylon) - Tribe of Judah = “Jewish”
in captivity, influenced by Zoroastrianism (heaven/hell, free will, messianism) + Babylonian myths (Flood of Noah similar to ancient Babylonian myths like Story of Gilgamesh)
Eventually freed by Persian King, return to Israel + build 2nd Temple.
Continue to live in modern-day Israel, despite being conquered by various people. Become Hellenized/Greek-like.
Later, Romans conquer them.

5. Judaism continued Diaspora (after 70 AD by Romans)
Romans has hard time controlling Jews religiously. Jews often considered treasonous; revolt against Romans. Romans destroy second Temple + banish Jews from Israel  Diaspora
*Makes Jews an exception that ethnic religions are clustered (bc Jews forced to dispersed around Roman world, primary in Europe.)
Jews are accultured (adopt most customs of country – language), but become minorities in places they go.
**Set themselves apart by practicing their religious laws.
Often subject to persecution + segregation in ghettos (ghettoization).
Ex.) 19th century pograms in Russian Empire – csar had systematic attack/riots on Jews; used as a scapegoat
“re-clustering” due to est. of Israel
Zionism = movement for a Jewish homeland
Jews move to Palestine in late 1800s, reaction to persecution
Why acceptance of state of Israel after WW2?
Collective guilt about Holocaust convinces European leaders against the est. of a Jewish homeland to support one.

7. The Jewish calendar Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Passover Sukkot
New Year
Yom Kippur
Day of Atonement
Passover
Sukkot
Feast of Weeks
Autumn holidays express worry over winter rains
Spring harvest and sacrifices commemorated in Exodus

8. Islam’s 3rd most holy site
Dome of the Rock
Western “Wailing” Wall
Solomon built 1st temple
Destroyed by Neo- Babylonians
Rebuilt after Babylonian Captivity
Remnant of 2nd Temple
Destroyed by Romans 70 AD

9. Jewish Symbols

10. 12/12: Ethnic Religions
Title notes. In your notebooks, respond to the prompt:
“Which shape (circle or the line) better represents polytheistic religions + which shape better represents monotheistic religions and WHY?”

11. (ex. Christianity, Islam)
Western Religions – monotheism
(ex. Christianity, Islam)
Eastern Religions – polytheism (ex. Hinduism)
View existence as a straight line (beginning, middle, end).
Focus on history (Events in the life of the founder) + time.
Like concrete facts.
- “In the beginning, God did this…”
God, Creation, the Human Self, Day of Judgment, Heaven, Hell
People of the book - literal, rigid. Holy books = central focus of religion.
One life/ ONE CHANCE - transgressions NOT okay. Judged for eternity.
One route to salvation / heaven
Circular view of reality/ cycle of time. Life as a river.
Time is not important.
No beginning and no end.
Have sacred texts, but open-ended, loosely interpreted, not central focus of religion.
Reincarnation - more than 1 life.
Transgressions are okay
MANY CHANCES
Multiple paths to salvation.

12. Hinduism 3rd largest religion in the world 900 million adherents
97% of Hindus are found in India (rest in Nepal)
Polytheistic (many gods + goddesses)
Salvation/Worship?
Many paths to spirituality/salvation
Individual decides best way to worship
“way of life” > single religion
Major denominations (traditions) - recognize one another + linked by shared concepts, rituals, etc.
Vaishnavism (Vishnu) 70%
Incarnations (Krishna, Buddha, Jesus?, etc.)
Sivaism (Siva) 26%
Protector and destroyer of ignorance
Shaktism (female consorts of Vishnu/Siva)

13. Hinduism Origin/Beliefs Basic ideas brought by Aryans (Indo-Europeans)
Intermingled with Dravidians. No clear founder, archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.
‘Karmic” religion (believe in karma / cause + effect)
Karma = actions in one lifetime can affect the next.
Social mobility is limited, Why? Discuss
Caste = social class
Dharma = strict set of rules for caste; one’s duty
Also believe in reincarnation: cycle: birth, death, rebirth
Karma + reincarnation justify caste system / social control.
Brahman = highest reality/priests; Goal is to achieve “Moksha” = human salvation (escape the cycle of birth/rebirth)
Practice of “sati” –
Obsolete funeral custom where widow immolates herself (or is pushed) on her husband’s funeral pyre to not be a burden.
outlawed by British in 1829; no longer happening (maybe in rural areas)

14. Hindu Priest, India. 1910-15 http://loc. gov/pictures/resource/ggbain
Analyze image of high priest in India. How is this priest being treated in comparison to the people serving him? How does this affect the social stratification system?

15. Hindu children of high caste, Bombay India. <India.
How are these children dressed? (traditional Hindu garb). Analyze how the dress of the children may compare to how children of a lower class may dress.

16. Goal is to be reborn into the higher social caste + eventually achieve “Moksha”

17. Hinduism continued… Holy texts? Holy places?
The Vedas, Upanishads (no one holy book); Have sacred texts, but open- ended, loosely interpreted, not central focus of religion.
Holy places?
Riverbanks, coastlines, mountains
Temples often located on riverbanks/water
Ganges River is most sacred, Varanasi = pilgrimage site (City on banks of the Ganges River)
Effects of religion/disposal of dead bodies/pilgrimages landscape?
Overcrowding/pollution due to pilgrimages (Ganges River)
Hindus cremate dead
preserves land, no cemeteries BUT
Cremation strains wood supply

20. Cool picture of a Hindu temple -

21. When you see multiple deities and it’s polytheism, it’s probably Hinduism.

24. Chinese Ethnic religions
Examples?
Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism
Philosophies/ doctrines for how people should live + how society should be governed.
Legalism not a religion; punishments are useful to maintain social order (ideas/actions critical of gov tightly controlled)
All arise in China at period of warring states (China was in civil wars + it was chaotic).
Qin Dynasty - unification + centralization of China → harsh rule (start of Great Wall)
Confucius comes along with philosophy that will bring stability to society.
Confucius = most influential Chinese scholar; devoted life to restoring order, harmony, good gov + morality to China.
What are Confucius’ ideas about bringing stability to society?
Li = proper behavior
5 relationships

25. 5 Relationships Ruler + subject Father + son Husband + wife
Older + younger brother
Friend + friend
Superior / Inferior
Reciprocal relationship
Everyone has place in society + duties to fulfill. If ppl know their job/place, society will function.
filial piety: respect for elders, parents and ancestors
bedrock of China is the family;
family group > individual)

26. Wed 12/13: Religion (Unit 3b)
3b Essential Questions:
Where are religions distributed?
Why do religions have different distributions
Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns?
Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups?
H.W.)
Thurs: New Guided Reading 3b – up #1-2 due.
Also, 3b Religion GR check/ Arab-Israeli conflict (study using new article + Ppoint notes).
Fri:
Mon: 3b Religion M.C. Quiz

27. Chinese Ethnic Religions
Confucianism
Kong Fuzi (551 – 479 BCE)
Proper relationships/ behavior bring stability
answers to bigger questions come later (life + death)
*borrows spirituality from Buddhism/Daoism
metaphysics
Neo-Confucianism
Daoism
Laozi (604 – 531? BCE)
Seek the way or “dao”
Harmony with nature (feng shui)
Yin + yang (the natural + spiritual world consists of opposite forces: the dark + the light, fire + ice, slow + fast, masculine + feminine)
Yang is harder, stronger, faster, brighter (light, fire, fast, masculine)
Yin is darker, slower, softer (dark, ice, slow, feminine)

29. Meaning of Symbol rhythms of life. They’re opposite/contrary, but
Yin + Yang = 2 powers; represent natural
rhythms of life. They’re opposite/contrary, but
actually complement one another (fit together).
Yin (BLACK): cold, water, dark, slowness, soft, quiet + mysterious
Yang (WHITE): warm, fire, bright, restless, hard, clear
Circle = harmony of Yin + Yang;
White spot = Yang within Yin; Black spot = Yin within Yang

31. Legalism Confucianism Daoism
In a well-governed society, there are laws that reward those who obey them and punish those who dare to break them.
Legalism
He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the other stars turn towards it. (Lead by example and others will follow)
Confucianism
The natural order is more important than the social order. Human beings should live simply and in harmony according to the laws of nature.
Daoism

33. Animistic Religions 100 million/12% of Africans animism
African ethnic religions
100 million/12% of Africans
animism
things in nature have living spirits/consciousness
celebration of the natural
On decline --- competition with universalizing religions
Leads to decline (50%) in animism
Africa now: 46% Christian/40% Muslim

35. Animistic Religions Shinto Japanese animism
An indigenous faith of Japanese people; shinto means “way of the spirits”
belief that spirits exist in objects found in nature (trees, rocks..)
As state religion, it previously elevated emperor as divine
renounced after WWII
Mixed w/ Buddhism (syncretism)
Temples marked by distinctive Japanese gate (torii gate)
separates sacred space from the profane

37. Where do we see an animistic religious symbol on Lane Tech’s campus?