1. Chapter 3 Migration
Key Issues 2, 3, and 4

2. Key Issue 2
Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?

3. Did You Remember to Annotate the Title?
WITHIN a country can be

4. Most significant migration trend in USA history.

5. Westward Expansion Pull Factors

6. Change Over Time: Center of USA Population

7. Interregional Migration From Rust Belt to Sun Belt
For many years, this was most important manufacturing area of USA. But, as economic opportunity decreased in traditional manufacturing zones, people migrated to find new jobs and lower costs of living.

8. Bethlehem Steel Example of The Hollow Core
2007- Closed the plant. It is now abandoned.
Began in Grew to be 2nd largest steel producer in the world.

10. Recent U.S. Interregional Trends

11. The Great Migration (1910 – 1970)

12. Thinking Like A Geographer
Use ESPN to identify the main push and pull factors in this next group of RLEs.

13. Russia (USSR!): Interregional Migration in
Soviet policies “encouraged” eastward and northward migration
Government’s decision to locate new factories near resource-rich land
Offered some economic incentives to away European region
Did not work well, and ended with the collapse of the USSR

14. Russia’s Population Density

15. Interregional Migration in Canada
Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants

16. Interregional Migration in Brazil
Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior.
This is called a “forward capital.”

17. Interregional Migration in China
Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing jobs are available.

18. Intraregional Migration: U.S.
Migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010

19. Counterurbanization
A new migration trend in MDCs during the late 20th C when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration
Is most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities- environmental and cultural pull factors
Rocky Mountain States

20. Key Issue 3
Why Do People Migrate?

21. Did You Remember to Annotate the Title?
Push factors motivate people
to move out of their present
location
Pull factors motivate people to move into a new location .
One of Ravenstein’s Categories for his Migration Laws!

22. The ESPN of Push and Pull Factors
The ESPN of Push-Pull
The ESPN of Push and Pull Factors
Push
Pull
Economic
Social
Political
eNvironmental
DRAW THIS CHART!

23. WITH A PARTNER, FILL OUT YOUR PUSH/PULL CHART

24. Political Push Factors
Can be especially compelling, forcing people to migrate from a country
United Nations recognizes groups of forced political migrants
Refugees
Internally Displaced Persons
Asylum Seekers

25. Refugees
Have been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to life/cannot return for fear of persecution.
Syrians in a UN refugee camp in Lebanon

28. Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
Have not crossed a border to find safety- they are on the run in their own country.
IDPs stay within their own country and remain under the protection of its government, even if that government is the reason for their displacement.
By the end of 2014, 38 million people had become displaced within their own country as a result of violence.

29. CLICK TO EXPLORE

30. Asylum Seekers
Migrate to another country in hope of being recognized as refugees

31. Twentieth Century Social, Political, and Economic Instability
Economic Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons
Social Freedom and social tolerance are pull factors
Political In the 20th C, forced international migration increased due to political instability resulting from cultural diversity

32. Environmental Push and Pull Factors
Environmental Pull Factors
Coastal Areas
Warm Climates
Lifestyle choices
Environmental Push Factors
Water: most common environmental threat
Floods/Droughts
Disease

33. Migrant Workers in Europe
Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe

34. Migrant Workers in Asia
Asia is both a SOURCE and a DESTINATION for migrant workers
China
40,000,000 live and work in other countries
Is a destination for poor workers from surrounding countries
Still has MUCH MORE internal than international migration
SW Asia
Oil Jobs pay more
Workers treated very poorly

35. China’s New Role: Economics As A Pull Factor

36. Don’t Forget! Immigration in the News
Immigration article due Thursday! Remember to choose a different format. Add those details that take you to the top!

37. Key Issue 4 Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Remember to Annotate the Title!

38. Don’t Forget! Immigration in the News
Immigration article due Thursday! Remember to choose a different format. Add those details that take you to the top!

39. Migrants cannot not always go to their desired destination because they are blocked by an intervening obstacle
Intervening obstacles may be environmentalmountains, deserts, large bodies of water
created by economics, government/politics, or social conditions.

40. U.S. Quota Laws
Quota Act passed in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 to assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans
Eliminated quotas for individual countries in 1965 and replaced with hemispheric quotas
In 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country
In 1990, the global quota was raised to 700,000 with no more than 7 percent from one country, but there are many qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit

41. Who Gets In? Preferences are shown toward:
Family Reunification (about ¾ of immigrants)
Skilled Workers (about ¼ of immigrants) and may set up chain migration
Diversity (few immigrants- because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants)

42. Brain Drain
Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries

43. China’s Wealthiest Are Leaving
SOurcehttp://

44. Undocumented Immigration to the United States
People who cannot legally enter the United States choose to immigrate illegally.
Census Bureau estimates 7 million undocumented immigrants are in the U.S. (other estimates are as high as 20 million!)
More than a million persons are caught annually trying to cross the southern U.S. border
Half of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave

45. Mexican Immigration: Most Documented and Undocumented in USA
Mexican migration matches the migration transition and distance-decay theories
U.S. border states are the primary destination
Most immigrants originate not from Mexico’s northern states but from interior states
Much of the migration is seasonal farm work

46. Characteristics of Mexican Migrants
Ravenstein noted that most long- distance migrants have historically been male or young adults rather than families
BUT since the 1990s the gender pattern has reversed, and Mexican women now constitute about 55% of U.S. immigration
40% young adults, 15% children
Arizona Bus STation

48. A Matter of Perspective
How do YOU frame the issue?
What bias do you bring to the table?
How do the terms unauthorized immigrant, undocumented immigrant, and illegal alien reflect the bias of the speaker/writer?

49. A Matter of Perspective
View from the U.S.
recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally for better jobs, to reunite family, and to have a better way of life but not all welcome immigrants
View from Mexico
residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants
residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala

50. Not A New Issue

51. Many U.S. Citizens Support/Believe…
Increased Border Patrols
Workplace Initiatives
A “Path to Citizenship”
Allowing law enforcement officials to verify the legal status of anyone (but we fear racial profiling)
Unauthorized immigration is a federal level issue
CLICK TO EXPLORE

52. Migration Flows in Europe

53. Opponents of European Immigration
Do not support population growth that is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world
Fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost because immigrants adhere to different religions, speak different languages, and practice different cultural habits
Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries
Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs

54. Immigration Played a Role in Brexit

55. Europeans as Emigrants- Cultural Diffusion
Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century and European culture was spread throughout the world:
Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world
Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents
Political structures and ideals used as a model
European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world
Europeans strongly identify with EMIGRATION, but have a mixed perspective on IMMIGRATION

56. Quiz Yourself!

57. Next… Folk and Popular Culture
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