1. Unit 4: Coordination & Subordination
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Coordination
4.3. Subordination
Nominal Clauses
Adverbial Clauses

2. 4.1 Introduction
So far: simple clauses/sentences: 1 clause with constituents (S, O, A, etc) realized by phrases.
From now on: syntactic ways of expanding simple clauses: combinations of clauses.

3. 4.1 Introduction (cont.) Two approaches:
Traditional analysis: eg. Quirk et al. (1985), ; ; ;
“Clause Complex” analysis: eg. Downing & Locke pp

4. 4.1 Introduction (cont.) Traditional analysis (Quirk et al.,1985)
Distinction clause / sentence:
‘Clauses’ combine to form ‘sentences’:
Compound sentences:
Complex sentences:
Based on: ‘constituency’

5. 4.1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont.)
Compound sentences: combination of clauses by means of ‘coordination’
Coordination as a kind of ‘paratactic connection’ (= equal status of elements):
Syndetic: John bought the tickets and Mary parked the car)
Asyndetic:John bought the tickets; Mary parked the car)
Other ‘paratactic’ connections:
Apposition: He has a summer job with a travel agency, guiding parties of tourists.
Quotation: She said: “Love me or leave me”

6. 4.1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont.)
Complex sentences: combination of clauses by means of ‘subordination’
Subordination as a kind of ‘hypotactic connection’: unequal status of elements): one depends on the other (which usually means that the dependent or subordinate element is a constituent within the superordinate one):
Why he resigned was never discovered (Sub. Cl as S)
She explained that the machine was out of order (Sub. Cl as O)
While John bought the tickets, Mary parked the car (Sub. Cl as A)

7. 4.1 Introduction: Traditional analysis (cont.)
Traditional analysis based on ‘constituency’ S
Cl Cl2 S Cl
A S P O
Cl NP VP Cl

8. Sentence :
the highest grammatical unit;
the result of combining clauses by means of either coordination (‘Compound Sentence’ or subordination (‘Complex Sentence’).
Main CL :
a clause that is not subordinated to any other clause.
A main clause may contain subordinate clauses.

9. Superordinate Cl :
a clause that contains a subordinate clause realizing one of its syntactic constituents;
a superordinate clause may itself be subordinated to another superordinate clause.

10. Matrix Cl :
That part of a complex sentence (in Quirk’s sense) that remains when Subordinate Adverbial Clauses, (specially if they are Disjuncts or Clause Adjuncts), are removed.

11. that he had threatened to gas his family in case they tried to escape
COMPLEX SENTENCE
MAIN / SUPERORDINATE CL S P OD
SUBORDINATE / SUPERORDINATE CL
SUBORDINATE CL / SUPERORDINATE CL A
SUBORDINATE CL
He denied that he had threatened to gas his family in case they tried to escape
Sentence :
Traditional approach: the highest grammatical unit : the result of combining clauses by
means of either coordination (‘Compound Sentence’ or subordination (‘Complex Sentence’).
Main CL : a clause that is not subordinated to any other clause.
A main clause may contain subordinated clauses,
in which case it is called ‘complex sentence’ (by Quirk) ;
if the main clause does not contain subordinated clauses, it is called a ‘simple sentence’
Superordinate Cl :
a clause that contains a subordinate clause realizing one of its syntactic constituents ;
a superordinate clause may itself be subordinated to another superordinate clause . He
denied
that he had threatened to gas his family in case they tried to escape he
had theatened
to gas his family in case they tried to escape
to gas
his family
in case they tried to escape
they
tried
to escape

12. MAIN / SUPERODINATE CLAUSE SUBORDINATE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
You must never get past the door because you will be electrocuted if you try
You must never get past the door because you will be electrocuted if you try
You must never get past the door because you will be electrocuted if you try
COMPLEX SENTENCE
MAIN / SUPERODINATE CLAUSE
MATRIX CLAUSE
You must never get past the door
SUBORDINATE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
because you will be electrocuted
if you try
Matrix Cl :
That part of a complex sentence (in Quirk’s sense) that remains when
Subordinate Adverbial Clauses,
(specially if they are Disjuncts or Clause Adjuncts), are removed 

13. 4.1 Introduction (cont.)
An alternative view: the “Clause Complex” analysis (Downing & Locke pp )

14. John bought the tickets While Mary was parking the car,
then
John bought the tickets
started back across the road without looking to right or left
and
he was knocked down by a bus
(he was) badly injured
and
just as
he was reaching the other side
While
Mary was parking the car
John bought the tickets then started back across the road without looking to right or left and just as he was reaching the other side he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured
John bought the tickets
While Mary was parking the car,
While Mary was parking the car,
John bought the tickets
then started back
While Mary was parking the car, John bought the tickets then started back across the road without looking to right or left and just as he was reaching the other side he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured
then started back across the road without looking to right or left and just as he was reaching the other side he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured
across the road without looking to right or left
and
just as he was reaching the
just as he was reaching the other side he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured
other side
he was knocked down by a bus
he was knocked down by a bus and badly injured
and
(he was) badly injured

15. Unsurprisingly, when I ask the Filipino girl if she likes living in Dubai, she cautiously says it's all right but then, when I persuade her to be frank, she dares saying what she really thinks and admits she finds it terrible because everything is fake there.
Traditional Analysis
Compound S
Complex S but Compound S2
Complex S2.1and Complex S2.1
, ,.