1. Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures
Chapter 18
Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

2. Immune System Lymphoid Organs Lymphocytes and White Blood Cells
Chemicals
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen

3. Immune System (cont’d)

4. Antigens Chemical Markers That Identify Cells
Human Cells Have “Self” Antigens
Foreign Cell Antigens Will Not Match
Recognized as Foreign and Destroyed

5. Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells Thymus-derived Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Bone Marrow-derived Lymphocytes (B cells)

6. Lymphocytes (cont’d) Natural Killer Cells
Blood, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes, Spleen
Destroy Pathogens and Tumor Cells

7. Lymphocytes (cont’d) T Cells and B Cells T Cells
Each Cell Responds to One Foreign Antigen
T Cells
Lymph Nodes and Nodules, Spleen

8. Lymphocytes (cont’d) B Cells
Plasma Cells Produce Antibodies to Specific Foreign Antigen
Memory Cells

9. Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Ig) or Gamma Globulins
Proteins Produced by Plasma Cells in Response to Foreign Antigens
Specific for Only One Antigen
Label Antigens for Destruction

10. Antibodies (cont’d) Five Classes of Human Antibodies
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

11. Antibodies (cont’d)

12. Two Mechanisms of Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity

13. Mechanisms of Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity
Recognition of Foreign Antigen by Helper T Cells (CD4)
Killer T Cells Lyse Cells (CD8)
Memory T Cells Remember Specific Foreign Antigens
Suppressor T Cells Limit Immune Response

14. Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d)
Humoral Immunity
Antibody-mediated Immunity Recognition of Antigen as Foreign

15. Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d)
Humoral Immunity (cont’d)
B Cells Proliferate and Differentiate
Plasma Cells Producing Antibodies That Circulate Forming an Antigen-antibody Complex
Memory B Cells
Antibodies Label Antigen for Phagocytosis

16. Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d)
Antigen-antibody Complex Stimulates Complement Fixation
Enzyme Complex Lyses Cells
Labels Foreign Antigens for Phagocytosis

17. Antibody Responses
First Exposure to Foreign Antigen Stimulates Antibody Production in Small Amounts
Second Exposure to Antigen Causes Memory Cells to Make Large Amounts of Antibody
Vaccines Based on This Principle

18. Antibody Responses (cont’d)
Allergic Responses When Antibodies Respond to Foreign but Harmless Antigens

19. Antibody Responses (cont’d)

20. Types of Immunity Passive Immunity Antibodies Obtained Outside Person
Temporary
Naturally Acquired
Placental Transmission of Antibodies
Antibodies in Breast Milk

21. Types of Immunity (cont’d)
Passive Immunity (cont’d)
Artificially Acquired
Injection of Preformed Antibodies

22. Types of Immunity (cont’d)
Active Immunity
Produces Own Antibodies
Naturally Acquired
Recover from Disease, Memory Cells Specific for That Pathogen

23. Types of Immunity (cont’d)
Active Immunity (cont’d)
Artificially Acquired
Vaccine
Stimulates Production of Antibodies and Memory Cells
Some Confer Lifelong Immunity

24. Aging and the Immune System

25. Aging and the Immune System (cont’d)
Thymus Gland Size Decreases
Increased Production of Immature T Cells
Decreased Antibody Response

26. Immune System Assessment
History
Demographic Data
Health History
Current Problem
Physical Assessment

27. Diagnostic Tests Blood Tests Radiographic Tests Biopsies Skin Tests
Gene Testing

28. Therapeutic Interventions
Allergies
Medic Alert Identification
Ask if Allergies
Anaphylaxis Kit
Epinephrine (EpiPen)
Antihistamine Tablets
Tourniquet

29. Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d)
Immunotherapy
Desensitize Person with Anaphylactic Reactions or with Chronic Allergic Symptoms
Inject Small Amounts of Extract of Allergen Until Hyposensitivity Reached
Recognize Anaphylactic Reaction Can Occur

30. Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d)
Medications
Epinephrine
Corticosteroids
Antihistamines
Histamine H2 Blockers
Decongestants
Mast-cell Stabilizing Drugs

31. Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d)
Medications (cont’d)
Antivirals/Antibiotics
Immunosuppressants
Interferon
Leukotriene Antagonists
Hormone Therapy

32. Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d)
Surgical Management
Splenectomy

33. Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d)
Monoclonal Antibodies
Recombinant DNA Technology