1. Articles of Confederation

2. Learning Objectives
Explain why Congress had trouble passing laws under the terms of the Articles of Confederation

3. Treaty of Paris- 1783

4. Articles of Confederation
Group 1 – Articles I – IV
Group 2 – Articles V – VI
Group 3 – Articles VII – IX (end of Par.1)
Group 4 – Article IX (Par. 2 & 3)
Group 5 – Article IX (Par. 4 & 5)
Group 6 – Article IX (Par. 6 & 7)
Group 7 – Articles X – XIII

5. Articles of Confederation
Read and summarize the main points of your articles. Consider the following Questions
What function of government is being defined?
What is the structure of government is being defined?
Create a title for your section
Write the five most important facts from your sections

6. Articles of Confederation
Why did Congress have so much trouble passing laws under the terms of the Articles of Confederation?
Why was it difficult or impossible for the government of the United States, under the Articles, to raise money to pay its expenses?
Why was it difficult or impossible for the government of the United States, under the Articles, to settle disputes between the states or between citizens of different states?

7. Articles of Confederation
Which of the weaknesses of the Articles proved most significant in causing the failure of government under the Articles?
What amendments might the states have added to the Articles to make this plan for government more effective?

8. DEFICIENCIES
No separate executive branch to carry out the laws of Congress
No national judiciary to handle offenses against the central government’s laws or to settle disputes between states
Congress did not have the power to levy taxes
Congress could not regulate interstate and foreign commerce

9. DEFICIENCIES
The states as well as Congress had the power to coin money
Congress could not support an army or navy and was dependent on state militias
Nine states had to approve every law
Amendment of the Articles required unanimous consent

11. Conflicts with Spain restricted navigation rights of the Mississippi
Conflict over Territory N. of Florida

12. Conflict With Great Britain
Maintained Forts in NW Territory
Exports to Britain had to travel to come on British Ships

13. Problems with The States
three general problems that contributed to the "melancholy situation" (as Alexander Hamilton called it in The Federalist No. 15)
State government often acted in ways contrary to state declarations of rights.
State governments violated national treaties, ignored requisitions for funds passed by Congress, and continued to exercise powers prohibited by the Articles of Confederation
States frequently disregarded Congressional requisitions for funds to pay for national defense.

14. Shay’s Rebellion ( )
After 1783 European business partners of Massachusetts merchants refused to extend lines of credit to them and insisted that they pay for goods with hard currency.
Merchants passed these demands to cash poor rural traders
Daniel Shays, a former Continental army Captain leads a rebellion in MA
MA government crushes rebellion with Benjamin Lincoln leading an army.
Jefferson: “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure."

15. Land Ordinance of 1785
Adopted by the Continental Congress in the United States on May 20, 1785
Immediate goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west
Each western township contained six miles square of land, which was further subdivided into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land.

16. Land Ordinance of 1785
Followed a New England land system was premised on community-based development,
the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to call their own.
"There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township.”

17. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
States ceded territory to what would become the Northwest Territory
"The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free”
Natural rights enshrined “Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.”
Protected freedom of religion, habeus corpus, right to trial by jury, no cruel and unusual punishment

18. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Native American relations:
“The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed”
Slavery
“There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory”
Why did the south Consent?

19. Northwest Territory
Stipulated the creation of at least three but not more than five states out of the Northwest Territory
Once sixty thousand people resided in a territory, they could apply for statehood.
form a constitutional convention, draft a state constitution, and then submit the document to the United States Congress for approval
The state constitution had to guarantee basic rights to its people, including religious freedom, trial by jury, the right to bail except in capital cases, and several additional rights.

20. Road to the Constitution
Shay’s Rebellion
Conflicts with Europe (Spain and Great Britain)
Conflict with the States

21. Road to the Constitution
discussion of these defects of the Articles took place among delegates from five states - Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York - at Annapolis, Maryland in September of 1786.
The delegates to the Annapolis Convention issued a report to their respective states, noting that "there are important defects in the system of the Federal Government,"

22. Convention May of 1787 Philadelphia Convention called
James Madison, believed the unicameral led to many of the problems that the United States faced during the 1780s
Madison proposed the “Virginia Plan”
Bicameral House
Laws of Congress apply directly to the people not to State Governments

23. Convention
William Paterson of New Jersey introduced the New Jersey plan
Enlarge some powers of the Government but mainly leave the articles untouched
The Debate focused on three issues
unicameral versus a bicameral Congress
mode of election (state legislators or the people)
equal versus proportional representation in Congress, otherwise known as the "rule of suffrage" in the legislature

24. Convention The Connecticut or Great Compromise
A senate provides equal representation to the states and is elected by legislators
A lower house has representation by population and is elected by the people
Second compromise is the 3/5 compromise
Slaves will count for 3/5 of a person for the purposes of representation

25. Debate over Presidency
Virginia Plan recommended the creation of a "national executive" to be chosen by Congress for a single limited term.
Hamilton proposed the creation of a "supreme executive," consisting of one person, to hold office indefinitely, assuming that he practiced "good behaviour."
the final draft of the Constitution established an executive executive power would be vested in one president, who would serve for a term of four years, would be eligible for re-election, and could be removed from office if impeached

26. Federalists versus Anti-Federalists
Federalists: 6 students divided into three groups
Anti Federalist: 6 students divided into three groups