1. Changes in the North

2. Advances in Transportation
Steam boats:
Robert Fulton in 1807 with the Clermont
linked western waterways with the south and eastern coasts
helped unite the nation
Clipper ships:
John Griffiths in 1841 with the Rainbow
traveled between New York, San Francisco & the Orient
brought silk, tea, cinnamon, and firecrackers from China
improved trade and communication between the east and west coast

3. Rail Road
covered the same distance as a clipper ship in about 1/3 the time.
Could go almost anywhere
By 1860, there was 31,000 miles of railroad track in the U.S.

4. Advances in Communication
The Telegraph:
Samuel F.B. Morse
1844, Morse sends first telegraph message.
By 1846, 5,000 miles of telegraph wire was complete
connected Boston, New York, and Washington D.C.
it transmitted messages using Morse Code. (a series of dots and dashes)

5. Working Conditions
Invention of steam engine allowed factories to be built anywhere.
Trade Increases
Increased demand for goods
Leads to a decrease in working conditions
a mill worker made $4 to $6 a week (1851)
the average family of 5 needed at least $10.37 a week to survive
children made up 1/3 of the work force
worked 12 hour days/ 6 days a week
made 11 cents a day

6. Workers Organized Immigration founded labor unions
wanted better working conditions
wanted better pay
threatened strikes
strikes were illegal
fine and jail time
Immigration
Between 1840 and 1860 about 4.2 million immigrants came to the U.S.
Most to the North
Most came from Europe
Germans fled from a failed revolution
settled in the Ohio Valley/ Great Lakes Region
Most were educated.

7. Irish made up 40% of immigrants
Fled Famine
Settled in Boston and New York
Most uneducated
By 1852 ½ the factory workers in mills were foreigners
Nativists – discouraged immigration
didn’t want immigrants to hold elected office
wanted immigrants to wait 21 years to become citizens
were against Catholics
Do we still have people similar to the Nativists today?

8. Discrimination African Americans
Could Not
Serve on a jury
Be elected to Congress
Ride in a carriage or work in a building with a white person
Vote in elections.
Even with this discrimination why were many African Americans willing to leave their families to live in the North?