1. National Growth in Early 20th Century
Vast post-war changes: territorial expansion, westward movement, new immigration, growth of cities, and complete economic transformation

2. Westward Movement After the Civil War – Era of the Cowboy.
Homestead Act of 1862 – Free public land for those who would settle and farm the land.
Many southerners and African Americans moved west to rebuild their lives.

3. Westward Movement
Forcible removal of Indians - moved further and further west.
New technologies like railroads and reaper opened new lands on the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.
Farming now profitable.
Farms, ranches and towns grew.

4. Immigration
Prior to 1871 = from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden)
From = from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary and Yugoslavia) and Asia (China and Japan)
Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty
Freedom. . . Opportunity. . . Better lives

5. Immigration Chinese – Worked on the railroad.
Other groups – Worked in textile and steel mills in the NE and clothing industry in NY City.
Worked for low pay in dangerous conditions.
Textile Mill
Coal Mine
Steel Mill

6. Immigration
Immigrants began to assimilate into the American “melting pot.”
Settled in ethnic neighborhoods
Public schools had an essential role in the assimilation process.

7. Immigration Immigrants faced hardship and hostility.
Fear and resentment over immigrants taking away jobs for lower pay.
Prejudice based on religious and cultural differences.

8. Immigration Congress limits immigration through the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Restriction Act of 1921.

9. Growth of Cities
Industrialization leads to Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and New York growing rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers.
Cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements
and slums.
Manufacturing
&
Transportation

10. Growth of Cities--
Caused housing shortages and need for public services like sewage, water systems and public transportation.
Sewer Systems
New York began the first subway system and many
cities built streetcar or trolley lines.
Public Transportation

11. Admission of New States
As people moved West, many new states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were added.
By the early 20th century, all the states from the Atlantic to Pacific of the continental U.S. had been admitted.

12. Modern Industrial Growth
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries economic opportunity, industrialization, technological change and immigration fueled American growth and expansion.

13. Modern Industrial Growth
From the Civil War to WW I,
Civil War
WW I
the U.S. underwent an economic transformation that involved industrialization, expanding big business and large-scale agriculture
and
the rise of national labor unions and industrial conflict.

14. Modern Industrial Growth
Technological change, inventions and innovations, and industrial leaders, spurred the growth of industry primarily in northern cities.
The wealthiest and most powerful leaders were John D. Rockefeller (oil), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), Andrew Carnegie (steel), and J.P. Morgan (finance).
Rockefeller, Vanderbilt Carnegie, and Morgan

15. Modern Industrial Economy
Bessemer’s Steel Process
Ford’s Assembly Line
Bell's Telephone
Corporations & limited liability
Wright Brothers’
Airplane
Inventions!
Edison’s Light bulb and power grid

16. Modern Industrial Growth
Reasons for the economic transformation include:
Laissez-faire economics—no government interference
Plentiful
Natural ….Resources
Increasing labor supply from immigration and migration from farms

17. Discrimination & Segregation
Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms.
Freedom limited
Separation of races in public places
Intimidation, crimes and lynchings

18. Discrimination and Segregation
In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled the “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment. This meant “Jim Crow” laws were upheld.

19. Discrimination and Segregation African American Response
During the early 20th century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South.

20. Discrimination and Segregation African American Response
African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.
Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action.
Booker T. Washington believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success. He accepted social separation.
W.E.B. DuBois felt education was meaningless without political equality. He helped form the NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

21. Progressive Movement
Reconstruction through the early 20th century was a time of contradictions.
--Agricultural expansion came through wars against the Plains Indians and led to new federal Indian policies
--Industrial development brought great fortunes to a few and raised the standard of living for millions BUT also brought about clashes between industry and labor
Social problems in rural and urban settings gave rise to third-party movements and the Progressive Movement.

22. Progressive Movement
Responding to excesses of the Gilded Age, the Progressive Movement used government to reform problems created by industrialization. Examples Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal, Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”

23. Progressive Movement--Causes
The income disparity between the lavish lifestyle of the wealthy few in the Age of the Robber
Barons with the harsh living conditions of
the factory workers and immigrants
led to calls for reform.
#1 or #2

24. Progressive Movement--Causes
Working conditions for labor
--dangerous working conditions
--child labor
--long hours, low wages, no job security, no benefits
Children in coal mine
--company towns –employment of
women
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

25. Progressive Movement--Goals
--Elimination of social injustices
--government controlled by the
people
--guaranteed economic opportunity
through government regulation
Watchful government
Helping hands to balance society
People active in government

26. Progressive Accomplishments
In Local Government
New forms to meet needs of growing
cities (city council, managers,
commissions)
In State Government
--referendum: citizens vote on proposed laws
--initiative: voters force consideration of a bill
--recall: voters can remove a corrupt official from office

27. Progressive Accomplishments
In Elections:
--Primary elections
--Direct election of
Senators
--Secret Ballot
17th Amendment
Primary
Election
Secret Ballot
--no pressure !

28. Progressive Accomplishments
In Child Labor
Muckraking literature described
abuses of child labor
Child Labor Laws resulted
Before
After

29. Labor Unions
Attempts were made to organize national labor unions to improve working conditions.
In 1869, the Knights of Labor formed open to all workers.
In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation
of Labor seeking practical economic goals for skilled workers.
The International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union formed in 1900 to benefit its mostly women members.

30. Labor Unions—Early Strikes
Labor strikes caused public distrust of these early union attempts.
The 1886 Haymarket Square Riot violence where a bomb killed 7 policemen “killed” the Knights of Labor.
When the Carnegie Steel plant near Pittsburgh cut wages in 1892, the Homestead Strike occurred.
The 1898 Pullman Strike in the railroad car building company ended with a court injunction.

31. Labor Union--Gains
Limited work hours
Regulated work conditions

32. Sherman Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Antitrust Laws
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibits any business structure that “restrains trade” (monopolies)
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
The Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands the Sherman Act by outlawing price-fixing and exempting unions from prosecution under the Sherman Act.

33. Women’s Suffrage
The movement to grant women the right to vote (suffrage) was a forerunner of the modern protest movements.
It benefited from the strong leadership of Susan B. Anthony.
Women were encouraged to enter the labor force during World War I
With the 19th Amendment in 1920, women gained suffrage (the right to vote).